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Effectiveness of a voiding evaluation technique using a diaper equipped with a urination-activated alarm system to assess bladder function and voiding patterns in infants

  • Original Article–Urology
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

Four-hour voiding observation is a conventional method for evaluating bladder function in infants. However, it requires a diaper check every 5 min during the observation period, which creates an unusual environment for the infant, making the evaluation of natural urination difficult. This study aimed to investigate the parameters of urination before mature bladder function using a diaper equipped with a urination-activated alarm system.

Methods

The study participants were 51 infants aged 0–4 years without bladder dysfunction. A urination-activated sensor was used to notify the inspector wirelessly when urination was detected, enabling the immediate assessment of ultrasonically measured residual urine. Bladder capacity was calculated as the sum of both residual urine volume and micturition volume, and the residual urine rate as the residual urine volume divided by bladder capacity.

Results

A total of 36 boys and 15 girls were enrolled. The median (interquartile range) residual urine volume, bladder capacity, and residual urine rate were 3.0 mL (1.1–6.6), 53.0 mL (33.9–75.3), and 7.0% (2.1–15.0), respectively. Infants aged 0–1 and 2–4 years were then classified into Group A (N = 27) and Group B (N = 24), respectively. The residual urine rate was significantly higher in Group A (11.0% [5.4–21.2]) than in Group B (4.8% [0.6–8.9]; p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Voiding observation using a urination-activated alarm system allowed less invasive analysis in infants and revealed that the residual urine rate decreased with mature bladder function from about 2 years of age.

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Abbreviations

PVR:

Post-void residual urine

VV:

Voided volume

BC:

Bladder capacity

%RU:

Residual urine rate

IQR:

Interquartile range

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Tajiri, Professor of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, for his help in acquiring the target population in the present study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto City, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan

    Jun Ajiki, Yasuyuki Naitoh, Yuta Inoue, Tsukasa Narukawa, Atsuko Fujihara, Fumiya Hongo & Osamu Ukimura

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  1. Jun Ajiki
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  2. Yasuyuki Naitoh
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  3. Yuta Inoue
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  4. Tsukasa Narukawa
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  5. Atsuko Fujihara
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  6. Fumiya Hongo
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  7. Osamu Ukimura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun Ajiki.

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Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. No funding was received for this study.

Ethical approval

The protocol for this research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine and conforms to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki (Clinical trial No.: ERB-C-1290).

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all subject(s) and/or guardian(s).

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Appendix

Appendix

The therapeutic instrument for nocturnal enuresis (Pisscall®) was supplied by Awajitec Business Corporation; however, neither the results of the study nor the statistical analyses were influenced by this company.

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Ajiki, J., Naitoh, Y., Inoue, Y. et al. Effectiveness of a voiding evaluation technique using a diaper equipped with a urination-activated alarm system to assess bladder function and voiding patterns in infants. J Med Ultrasonics 49, 695–701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-022-01251-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-022-01251-1

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