Abstract
Aim
To reveal inequity in health in India.
Subject and methods
The global paradigm of the knowledge economy propounds that growth and equity will occur if there is a free-market economy without state intervention and if patents are provided as incentives for innovation. In this paper, we explore the veracity of this thesis by investigating growth in the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors in India, and by looking at equity issues through the lens of gender health and health costs for poor consumers. We used data from current publications to support this thesis.
Results
We found that growth has been characterized by multiple handicaps and oligopoly, with the nature of expansion not having relevance for the disease profiles in India. The scenario of gender health and health costs of the poor is grim due to state retrenchment and neglect of the provision of public good, such as in health matters.
Conclusion
One can conclude that equity has not occurred under a growing pharmaceutical sector. This finding has huge implications for public policy in India and other emerging nations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrol D, Prajapati P, Singh N (2017) Globalization of the Indian pharmaceutical industry: implications for innovation. Institutions and Economies 3(2):327–365
Amirapu D (2011) Innovation key to ride vaccine boom: Dr Rajesh Jain, Panacea Biotec. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/innovation-key-to-ride-vaccine-boom-dr-rajesh-jain-panacea-biotec/articleshow/9691336.cms. Accessed 19 May 2018
Anomaly J (2011) Public health and public goods. Publ Health Ethics 4(3):251–259
Arora SM (2010) Influence of financial and policy environments on the business strategy of biotechnology companies in India. Dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi
Arts K, Tamo A (2016) The right to development in international law: new momentum thirty years down the line? Netherlands Int Law Rev 63(3):221–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-016-0066-x
Azra Batool S, Ahmed HK, Qureshi SN (2018) Impact of demographic variables on women’s economic empowerment: An ordered probit model. J Women Aging 30(1): 6–26. https://doi-org.du.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/08952841.2016.1256734
Babones S (2018) India may be the world's fastest growing economy, but regional disparity is a serious challenge. Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/salvatorebabones/2018/01/10/india-may-be-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-but-regional-disparity-is-a-serious-challenge/#52f02e3e53ac. Accessed 19 May 2018
Bagchi-Sen S, Smith HL (2008) Science, institutions, and markets: developments in the Indian biotechnology sector. Reg Stud 42(7): 961–975. https://doi-org.du.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/00343400701652800
Bala A, Gupta BM (2010) Research activities in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology during 1998-2007 in India: a scientometric analysis. J Lib Inform Technol 30(1):3–14
Balarajan Y, Selvaraj S, Subramanian SV (2011) Healthcare and equity in India. Lancet 377(9764):505–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61894-6
Banerji A (2009) A study of the state of biopharmaceutical sector in India with emphasis on its exports. Acad Healthcare Manag J 5(1):31–52
Baru R, Acharya A, Acharya S, Shiva Kumar AK, Nagaraj K (2010) Inequities in access to health services in India: caste, class and region. Econ Polit Week 14(38):49–58
Beall R, Kuhn R (2012) Trends in compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals since the Doha declaration: a database analysis. PLoS Med 9(1):e1001154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001154
Beasley D (2018) Branded drug prices soar as generic pressure rises. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-branded-drug-prices/branded-drug-prices-soar-as-generic-pressure-rises-idUSTRE72M57X20110323. Accessed 19 May 2018
Beaty CR (2017) Business leaders marketing to bottom-of-the pyramid consumers in Nigeria. Dissertation, Walden University
Begum S, Sebastian A, Kulkarni R, Singh S, Donta B (2017) Traditional practices during pregnancy and childbirth among tribal women from Maharashtra: a review. Int J Commun Med Publ Health 4(4):882–885
Bennett B, Cohen IG, Davies SE, Gostin LO, Hill PS, Mankad A, Phelan AL (2018) Future-proofing global health: governance of priorities. Global Publ Health13(5):519–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2017.1296172
Berman P, Ahuja R, Bhandari L (2010) The impoverishing effect of healthcare payments in India: new methodology and findings. Econ Polit Wkly 45(16):65–71
Bernstein S (2014) OER and the value of openness: implications for the knowledge economy. Glob Soc Educ 13(4):471–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.965012
Slideshare (2010) Biosimilars: Surveying the market landscape: A first world dossier market intelligence report. https://www.slideshare.net/driceman/biosimilarsreport. Accessed 19 May 2018
Blankson C, Cowan K, Darley WK (2017) Marketing practices of rural micro and small businesses in Ghana. J Macromark 38(1):29–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146717741067
Boyer D (2010) The global strategy on public health, innovation and intellectual property: notes on the implementation and suggestions for change. World Health Organization
Burke J (2010) More of the world’s poor live in India than in all sub-Saharan Africa, says study. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/14/poverty-india-africa-oxford. Accessed 19 May 2018
Buzan B (2004) From international to world society? English school theory and the social structure of globalization. Cambridge University Press, New York
Chakraborty R, Chakraborti C (2015) India, health inequities, and a fair healthcare provision: a perspective from health capability. J Human Dev Capabil 16(4): 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2015.1105201
Chaudhuri S (2010) R&D for development of new drugs for neglected diseases in India. Int J Technol Global 5(1):61–75
Chorev N, Shadlen KC (2015) Intellectual property, access to medicines, and health: new research horizons. Stud Comp Int Dev 50(2):143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-015-9182-6
Cohen ES (2008) Constructing power through law: private law pluralism and harmonization in the global political economy. Rev Int Polit Econ 15(5):770–799
Coleman W (2013) What was ‘new’ about neoliberalism? Econ Aff 33(1): 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2012.02192.x
Coleman C (2017) Ethical considerations in selling pharmaceuticals in emerging economies. SSRN Electron J (June). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2978538
Collste G (2011a) Specifying rights: the case of TRIPS. Publ Health Ethics 4(1): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phr004
Collste G (2011b) A reply to Agnafors. Publ Health Ethics 4(3): 303–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phr025
Cormier B (2016) Analyzing if and how international organizations contribute to the sustainable development goals: combining power and behavior. J Organ Behav 39(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2163
Corsi DJ, Bassani DG, Kumar R, Awasthi S, Jotkar R, Kaur N, Jha P (2009) Gender inequity and age-appropriate immunization coverage in India from 1992 to 2006. BMC Int Health Hum R 9(Suppl 1):S3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-9-S1-S3
Cutler AC, Dietz T (eds) (2017) The politics of private transnational governance by contract. Taylor and Francis, London
Dadzie KQ, Dadzie CA, Winston EM, Blankson C (2013) Inclusive economic development programs and consumers’ access to credit in emerging market economies: the public policy role of marketing in rural banks in Ghana. J Publ Policy Mark 32(Special Issue):59–69. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.12.052
De M, Halder A, Chakraborty T, Das U, Paul S, De A, Bannerjee J, Chatterjee T, De S (2011) Incidence of anemia and effect of nutritional supplementation on women in rural and tribal populations of eastern and north-eastern India. Hematol J 16(3): 190–192. https://doi.org/10.1179/102453311X12953015767455
Deshmukh V, Lahariya C, Krishnamurthy S, Das MK, Pandey RM, Arora NK (2016) Taken to healthcare provider or not, under-five children die of preventable causes: findings from cross-sectional survey and social autopsy in rural India. Indian J Community Med 41(2):108. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.177527
Droppert H, Bennett S (2015) Corporate social responsibility in global health: an exploratory study of multinational pharmaceutical firms. Glob Health 11(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-015-0100-5
Duran A, Kutzin J, Menabde N (2014) Universal coverage challenges require health system approaches; the case of India. Health Policy 114(2–3):269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.11.009
Dwivedi R, Pradhan J (2017) Does equity in healthcare spending exist among Indian states? Explaining regional variations from national sample survey data. Int J Equity Health 16(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0517-y
Dwivedi M, Purohit H, Choudhary N, Mehta D (2015) Retirement planning for women and solutions for common problems. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2666971
Express Pharma (2012) Opportunities galore for India's biotech industry. The Indian Express Limited. http://archivepharma.expressbpd.com/20120215/market01.shtml. Accessed 28 May 2018
Francis M, Nohynek H, Larson H, Balraj V, Mohan V, Kang G, Nuorti J (2017) Factors associated with routine childhood vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination in India: 1998–2008. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.026
Garg T, Singh O, Arora S (2011) Opportunities and growth of conduct of clinical trials in India. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 8(1):152–160
Geary JD (2017) How the DNA barcode commons are governed: Understanding how a heterogeneous global community shares genetic resources for non-commercial use. Dissertation, University of Alberta
Ginsburg O, Badwe R, Boyle P, Derricks G, Dare A, Evans T, Eniu A, Jimenez J, Kutluk T, Lopes G, Mohammed SI, Qiao YL, Rashid SF, Summers D, Sarfati D, Temmerman M, Trimble EL, Padela AI, Aggarwal A, Sullivan R (2017) Changing global policy to deliver safe, equitable, and affordable care for women’s cancers. Lancet 389(10071):871–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31393-9
Gleeson D, Neuwelt P, Monasterio E, Lopert R (2015) How the transnational pharmaceutical industry pursues its interests through international trade and investment agreements: a case study of the trans Pacific partnership. SSRN J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2668576
Gopinathan U, Watts N, Cuadrado C, Hougendobler D, Meganathan S, Lefebvre A, Guinto R, Okamoto T, Jorem J, Wanjau W, Jiang X, Habibullah NK, Asilia P, and Mushtaq UA (2014) Advancing health by enhancing capabilities: an agenda for equitable global governance. Institute of Health and Society, Oslo
Goyal J, Sekher M (2015) Accountability, nutrition and local institutions in India. Development 58(1): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2015.15
GSK (2013) GSK and biological E. Announce joint venture to develop combination vaccine for India and other developing countries. GSK. http://www.gsk.com/media/press-release . Accessed 20 February 2018
Gupta J, Arts K (2017) Achieving the 1.5 °C objective: Just implementation through a right to (sustainable) development approach. Int Environ Agreem-P 18(1):11–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9376-7
Gusmano MK, Rodwin VG, Weisz D (2017) Delhi's health system exceptionalism: inadequate progress for a global capital city. Publ Health 145:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.12.023
Haeussler C, Rake B (2017) The changing geography of clinical research: a critical analysis of its drivers. Ind Corp Change 26(2):285–310. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtx002
Hausmann R, Tyson LD, Zahidi S (2011) The global gender gap report 2011. World Economic Forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2011.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2018
Helfer LR, Austin GW (2011) Human rights and intellectual property: mapping the global interface. Cambridge University Press, New York
Herstatt C, Tiwari R, Ernst D, Buse S (2008) India’s national innovation system: key elements and corporate perspectives. Institute of Technology and Management, Hamburg University of Technology. http://www.global-innovation.net. Accessed 20 February 2018
Hill PS, Buse K, Brolan CE, Ooms G (2014) How can health remain central post-2015 in a sustainable development paradigm? Glob Health 10(18):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-18
Isaksen A (2016) Cluster emergence: combining pre-existing conditions and triggering factors. Entrep Region Dev 28(9–10):704–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1239762
Jain H (2010) Health sector reforms and health poverty. Soc Change 40(1):61–78
Jain D (2011) The legal exploration of DNA patenting in India: achieving clarity. Research paper, Jindal Law School, Jindal Global University
Jamali D, Karam C (2016) Corporate social responsibility in developing countries as an emerging field of study. Int J Manag Rev 20(1):32–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12112
Johns L, Wellhausen RL (2016) Under one roof: supply chains and the protection of foreign investment. Am Polit Sci Rev 110(1):31–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541500057X
Johnstone-Louis M (2017) Corporate social responsibility and women’s entrepreneurship: towards a more adequate theory of “work”. Bus Ethics Q 27(4): 569–602. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2017.6
Kale D, Huzair F (2017) Heterogeneity in learning processes and the evolution of dynamic managerial capabilities as a response of emergence of biosimilar market: Evidence from the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Technol Anal Strateg 29(3):300–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2016.1276283
Kale D, Wield D, Chataway J (2008) Diffusion of knowledge through migration of scientific labor in India. Sci Publ Policy 35(6):417–430. https://doi.org/10.3152/030234208X331245
Kamath G (2011) Four growth drivers beyond patent for pharma companies like Sun Pharma, Sanofi. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/four-growth-drivers-beyond-patent-for-pharma-companies-like-sun-pharma-sanofi/articleshow/10335927.cms. Accessed 19 May 2018
Kamiike A, Sato T (2011) The TRIPS agreement and pharmaceutical industry: The Indian experience. Comparative aspects on culture and religion: India, Russia, China. Conference organized by SRC and CSCS, Bangalore. http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/rp/publications/no11/11-07_Kamiike&Sato.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2018
Kanti A (2018) There are over 2 million children living on the street in India: Thomas Chandy, CEO, Save The Children. BW Business World. http://businessworld.in/article/There-Are-Over-2-Million-Children-Living-On-The-Street-In-India-Thomas-Chandy-CEO-Save-The-Children/02-01-2018-136112/. Accessed 19 May 2018
Kasemsap K (2017) Mastering intellectual property in global business. In: B. Christiansen B, Koç G (Eds) Transcontinental strategies for industrial development and economic growth. Business Science Reference, Hershey PA, pp 79–88
Kesavan PC (2015) Shaping science as the prime mover of sustainable agriculture for food and nutrition security in an era of environmental degradation and climate change. Curr Sci India 109(3):488–501
Khan S (2008) Corporate social responsibility from an emerging market perspective: evidences from the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Dissertation, University of St. Gallen
Khan SA, Nasim S (2016) Impact of product patent regime on pharmaceutical companies in India. In: Flexible work organizations. Springer, New Delhi, pp 277–287
Khan H, Patomaki H (2010) A reconstructive critique of IPE and GPE from a critical scientific realist perspective: An alternative Keynesian–Kaleckian approach. Paper presented at the ISA Conference, New Orleans. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49517/. Accessed 27 May 2018
Khosla R, Hunt P (2012) Human rights responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies in relation to access to medicines. In: Forman J, Kohler JC (eds) Access to medicines as a human right: implications for pharmaceutical industry responsibility. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 25–45
Kok MC, Dieleman M, Taegtmeyer M, Broerse JE, Kane SS, Ormel H, Tijm MM, de Koning KAM (2014) Which intervention design factors influence performance of community health workers in low-and middle-income countries? A systematic review. Health Policy Plann 30(9):1207–1227. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu126
Kok MC, Kane SS, Tulloch O, Ormel H, Theobald S, Dieleman M, Taegtmeyer M, Broerse JEW, de Koning KAM (2015) How does context influence performance of community health workers in low-and middle-income countries? Evidence from the literature. Health Res Policy Syst 13(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0001-3
Krishna V, Jain S, Chugh A (2017) Commercialization and renewal aspects of patent management in Indian pharmaceutical industry. NISCAIR-CSIR, India. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/43054. Accessed 19 May 2018
Kumar G (2018) 100% FDI in pharma sector bad for country: Parl committee. First Post. https://www.firstpost.com/economy/100-fdi-in-pharma-sector-bad-for-country-parl-committee-1035703.html. Accessed 19 May 2018
Kumar A, Khan M (2010) Health status of women in India: Evidences from National Family Health Surveys - 3 (2005-06) and future outlook. Res Pract Soc Sci 6(2):1–21
Kumar C, Prakash R (2011) Public-private dichotomy in utilization of healthcare services in India. Consilience J Sustain Dev 5(1):25–52. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8FT8MD6
Kumar AKS, Chen LC, Choudhury M, Ganju S, Mahajan V, Sinha A, Sen A (2011) Financing healthcare for all: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 377(9766):668–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61884-3
Langer A, Meleis A, Knaul FM, Atun R, Aran M, Arreola-Ornelas H, Bhutta ZA, Binagwaho A, Bonita R, Caglia JM, Claeson M, Davies J, Donnay FA, Gausman JM, Glickman C, Kearns AD, Kendall T, Lozano R, Seboni N, Sen G, Sindhu S, Temin M, Frenk J (2015) Women and health: the key for sustainable development. Lancet 386(9999):1165–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4
Lemke T (2001) The birth of bio-politics: Michel Foucault's lecture at the College de France on neo-liberal governmentality. Econ Soc 30(2):190–207
Löfgren H (2018) The pharmaceutical industry and access to medicines in India. In: The politics of the pharmaceutical industry and access to medicines: world pharmacy and India. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp. 1–23
Marwah H, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G (2016) Permeation enhancer strategies in transdermal drug delivery, Drug Deliv 23(2):564–578. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2014.935532
Melon CC, Ray M, Chakkalackal S, Li M, Cooper JE, Chadder J, Ke W, Li L, Madkour M, Aly S, Adly N, Chaturvedi S, Konde V, Daar AS, Singer P, Thorsteinsdottir H (2009) A survey of south–north health biotech collaboration. Nat Biotechnol 27(3): 229–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0309-229
Mercier JM, MC Shelley II (1997) Access to healthcare among three cohorts of older Americans residing in a rural state. Policy Stud J 25(1):140–156
Mishra S, Duggal R, Lingam L, Pitre A, Sardeshpande N, Shukla A (2008) Health inequities in Maharashtra. Report prepared by Support for Advocacy and Training into Health Initiatives for Maharashtra Health Equity and Rights Watch, implemented in collaboration with Center for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes and Tata Institute of Social Sciences. N.R. Enterprises, Pune
Mohammad A, Kamaiah B (2016) Efficiency analysis of Indian pharmaceutical companies in the post-TRIPS and post product patent regime using stochastic frontier approach. Rom Econ J 19(62):5–24
Mukhopadhyay K (2014) The negative impact of TRIPS on gender rights in access to health and food in India: A study of the dynamics of knowledge economy and neo-medieval governance. Dissertation, University of Denver
Naderi S, Acerra JR, Bailey K, Mukherji P, Taraphdar T, Mukherjee T, Pal A, Ward MF, Miele K, Mathias M, Tan R, Kline M, Alagappan K, Silverman R (2014) Patients in a private hospital in India leave the emergency department against medical advice for financial reasons. Int J Emerg Med 7(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1865-1380-7-13
Nair KS (2015) Human resources for health in India: an overview. Int J Health Sci Res 5:5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61888-0
Narula R, Kodiyat TP (2016) How weaknesses in home country location advantages can constrain EMNE growth: the example of India. Multinatl Bus Rev 24(3):249–278
Nayak P, Mahanta B (2010) Women empowerment in India. Munich University Library. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24740/. Accessed 19 May 2018
Noah T (2011) The make-believe billion: how drug companies exaggerate research costs to justify absurd profits. Slate Group. http://www.slate.com/id/2287227/ . Accessed 19 May 2018
Olssen M (2006) Understanding the mechanisms of neoliberal control: lifelong learning, flexibility and knowledge capitalism. Int J Lifelong Edu 25(3): 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370600697045
Olssen M, Codd JA, O'Neill AM (2004) Education policy: globalization, citizenship and democracy. Sage, London
Papaioannou T, Watkins A, Mugwagwa J, Kale D (2016) To lobby or to partner? Investigating the shifting political strategies of biopharmaceutical industry associations in innovation systems of South Africa and India. World Dev 78:66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.017
Patel V, Parikh R, Nandraj S, Balasubramaniam P, Narayan K, Paul VK, Kumar AK, Chatterjee M, Reddy KS (2015) Assuring health coverage for all in India. Lancet 386(10011):2422–2435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00955-1
Patra S, Vise MD (2016) Gender differentials in prevalence of self-reported non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India: evidence from recent NSSO survey. J Publ Health 24(5):375–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-016-0732-9
Pattberg P, Widerberg O (2015) Theorising global environmental governance: key findings and future questions. Millennium-J Int St 43(2):684–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814561773
Paul P, Mukhopadhyay K (2010) Growth via intellectual property rights versus gendered inequity in emerging economies: an ethical dilemma for international business. J Bus Ethics 91:359–378.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0088-y
Petrescu AS (2009) Science and technology for economic growth: new insights from when the data contradicts desktop models. Rev Policy Res 26(6):839–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00420.x
Pramesh CS, Badwe RA, Borthakur BB, Chandra M, Raj EH, Kannan T, Kalwar A, Kapoor S, Malhotra H, Nayak S, Rath GK, Sagar TG, Sebastian P, Sarin R, Shanta V, Sharma SC, Shukla S, Vijayakumar M, Vijaykumar DK, Aggarwal A, Purushotham A, Sullivan R (2014) Delivery of affordable and equitable cancer care in India. Lancet Oncol 15(6):e223-e233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70117-2
Rai RK (2008) Battling with TRIPS: emerging firm strategies of Indian pharmaceutical industry post-TRIPS. J Intellect Prop Rig 13:301–317
Rajagopal D (2012) Biocon–Mylan partnership has a potential of $33 billion from biosimilar drugs. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/biocon-mylan-partnership-has-a-potential-of-33-billion-from-biosimilar-drugs/articleshow/13047177.cms. Accessed 19 May 2018
Rajagopal B (2013) Right to development and global governance: old and new challenges twenty-five years on. Hum Rights Quart 35:893–909
Rao MK, Balakrishna N, Arlappa N, Laxmaiah A, Brahmam GNV (2010) Diet and nutritional status of women in India. J Hum Ecol 29(3):165–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2010.11906259
Rao M, Rao KD, Shiva Kumar AK, Chatterjee M, Sundaraman T (2011) India: towards universal health coverage 5: human resources for health in India. Lancet 377(9765):587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61888-0
Rath BN, Deb A (2017) Perception towards regular health check-ups: a case study from a selected village in Telangana state in India. J Health Manag 19(1):180–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063416682646
Reddy GB, Kadri HA (2013) Local working of patents — law and implementation in India. J Intellect Prop Rig 18:15–27
Reuters. (2012) Carlyle-backed Claris selling infusion biz to Otsuka and Mitsui for $194 million https://www.reuters.com/article/carlyle-backed-claris-selling-infusion/carlyle-backed-claris-selling-infusion-biz-to-otsuka-and-mitsui-for-194m-idINDEE8B702120121208. Accessed 19 May 2018
Sabharwal NS (2010) Dalit women and political space: status and issues related to their participation. In: RINDAS International Symposium, Series (Vol. 1). Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan
Saha S (2016) The role of microfinance-based self-help groups in improving health behaviours and outcomes of the poor in India. Dissertation, the University of Melbourne
Sandu IS, Ryzhenkova NE, Veselovsky MY, Solovyov AY (2014) Economic aspects of innovation-oriented market economy formation. Life Sci J 11(12):242–244. http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1112/044_26322life111214_242_244.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2018
Saravanan S, Turrel G, Johnson H, Fraser J, Patterson C (2011) Traditional birth attendant training and local birthing practices in India. Eval Program Plann 34(3):254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2011.02.012
Satyanarayana K, Srivastava S (2007) Poverty, health and intellectual property rights with special reference to India. Indian J Med Res 126(4):390. https://doi.org/10.1681/2FASN.2007010092
Schiavo LL (2015) Sovereignty, governmentality, globalization and the crisis of the state. Re-telling the story backwards: a Foucauldian analysis. J Soc Sci Policy Implic 3(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.15640/jsspi.v3n1a1
Sell S (2003) Private power, public law: the globalization of intellectual property rights. Cambridge University Press, New York
Sell S (2007) TRIPS-plus free trade agreements and access to medicines. Liverp Law Rev 28:41–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-007-9011-8
Sell S, Prakash A (2004) Using ideas strategically: The contest between business and NGO networks in intellectual property rights. Int Stud Quart 48(1):143–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00295.x
Sengupta A, Nundy S (2005) The private health sector is burgeoning in India, but at the cost of public healthcare. BMJ Brit Med J 331(7528):1339
Serrano O, Burri M (2016) Making use of TRIPS flexibilities: implementation and diffusion of compulsory licensing regimes in Brazil and India. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2748447
Seshadri SR, Ramakrishna J (2018) Vulnerability and childhood malnutrition: narratives from tribal households. In: Nutritional adequacy, diversity and choice among primary school children. Springer, Singapore, pp. 63–81
Shabaninejad H, Mehralian G, Rashidian A, Baratimarnani A, Rasekh HR (2014) Identifying and prioritizing industry-level competitiveness factors: evidence from pharmaceutical market. Daru 22(1):35
Shenoi A (2011) Mapping the contours of clinical trials in India: context. Sama Resource Group http://www.communityhealth.in/~commun26/wiki/images/3/34/DrugTrialsConsultation_2011SAMA.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2018
Sonowal CJ (2010) Factors affecting the nutritional health of tribal children in Maharashtra. Ethno Med 4(1):21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2010.11886359
Sridhar D (2008) Improving access to essential medicines: how health concerns can be prioritised in the global governance system. Publ Health Ethics 1(2):83–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phn012
Srivastava S, Prajapati P, Satyanaraya K (2010) Promoting access to medicines through global cooperation: a new strategy through north–south collaboration. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 183:59–86
Swaminathan MS (2011) In search of biohappiness: biodiversity and food, health and livelihood security. World Scientific Publishing, New Jersey
Tediosi F, Finch A, Procacci C, Marten R, Missoni E (2015) BRICS countries and the global movement for universal health coverage. Health Policy Plan 31(6):717–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czv122
The Corner House (2004) Who owns the knowledge economy? Political organizing behind TRIPS. The Corner House. http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/who-owns-knowledge-economy . Accessed 19 May 2018
The Economist (2014) Inequality v growth. The Economist https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2014/03/03/inequality-v-growth. Accessed 19 May 2018
Turcotte J (2018) Creative transformation and the knowledge-based economy: intellectual property and access to knowledge under informational capitalism. YorkSpace Institutional. https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/32784. Accessed 19 May 2018
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2012) World Investment Report. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2012overview_en.pdf. Accessed 17 May 2018
Upadhyay S, Kumar AR, Raghuvanshi RS, Singh BB (2011) Nutritional status and knowledge of hill women on anemia: effects of various socio-demographic factors. J Hum Ecol 33(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2011.11906346
Venkataraman P, Bhagwat G, Deshpande V, Lanke K (2015) Implications of Indian IP policy on patenting activity of pharmaceutical multinational corporations in India. Int J Intellect Prop Manag 8(3–4):249–266. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIPM.2015.076541
Vyas S, Collin SM, Bertin E, Davys GJ, Mathur B (2009) Leaf concentrate as an alternative to iron and folic acid supplements for anemic adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial in India. Public Health Nutr 13(3):418–423. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009991224
Watkins A, Papaioannou T, Mugwagwa J, Kale D (2015) National innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in developing countries: a critical review of the literature. Res Policy 44(8):1407–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.05.004
Welshoff A (2007) Community-participation and primary healthcare in India. Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Germany
Whytock CA (2016) Toward a new dialogue between conflict of laws and international law. AJIL Unbound 110:150–154. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2398772320162981
Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, De Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, Gyansa-Lutterodt M, Jing S, Luiza VL, Mbindyo RM, Möller H, Moucheraud C, Pécoul B, Rägo L, Rashidian A, Ross-Degnan D, Stephens PN, Teerawattananon Y, 't Hoen EF, Wagner AK, Yadav P, Reich MR (2017) Essential medicines for universal health coverage. Lancet 389(10067):403–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31907-9
World Development Indicators (2013) World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-2013-ch2.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2018
Zhuang W (2017) Intellectual property rights and climate change: interpreting the TRIPS agreement for environmentally sound technologies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Funding
This study was not funded by any entity.
Author-identifying information appears on the title page that is separate from the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mukhopadhyay, K., Paul, P. Pharmaceutical growth versus health equity in India: when markets fail. J Public Health (Berl.) 27, 473–489 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-018-0969-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-018-0969-6