Sommario
Il meccanismo traumatico più frequente che causa la frattura monostotica ulnare è il trauma diretto. La scelta del trattamento dipende ovviamente dal meccanismo traumatico, dal tipo di frattura, dal grado di scomposizione o comminuzione, dalle lesioni associate e dalle preferenze del paziente e dell’ortopedico. Fratture composte o con scomposizione minore del 50% del diametro della diafisi ulnare e angolazione fino a 10 gradi possono essere inizialmente trattate con immobilizzazione antibrachiale con un basso rischio di scomposizione secondaria. Fratture con una scomposizione maggiore del 50% richiedono un trattamento di tipo chirurgico. Fratture a livello del terzo distale possono provocare alterazioni dell’articolazione radio ulnare distale. In caso di trattamento conservativo di fratture stabili, esiste una debole evidenza a favore dell’immobilizzazione al di sotto del gomito nei confronti dell’immobilizzazione del gomito, in caso di frattura composta, ma ulteriori più rigorosi trial si rendono necessari per stabilire definitive linee-guida. Il trattamento chirurgico prevede l’osteosintesi con placca e viti, l’inchiodamento endomidollare con fili di Kirshner rappresenta una tecnica a minima invasività che non garantisce il controllo della rotazione dei frammenti di frattura. Per il complesso rapporto tra le due ossa dell’avambraccio, unite dalla sindesmosi e dai legamenti radio-ulnare prossimale e distale, la frattura isolata della diafisi radiale è spesso associata a una lesione legamentosa. In particolare, soprattutto per le fratture al terzo medio e al terzo distale della diafisi, un lieve accorciamento della diafisi radiale dovuto alla frattura si ripercuote sull’integrità dell’articolazione radio-ulnare distale, causando la frattura di Galeazzi. Per questo motivo è consigliabile uno studio clinico e radiologico accurato. Studi su cadavere hanno dimostrato che deviazioni fino a 10∘ di deformità angolare al terzo medio o al terzo distale della diafisi radiale non causano deficit in prono-supinazione dell’avambraccio, pertanto è possibile un trattamento conservativo delle fratture stabili minimamente scomposte. Studi su cadavere hanno dimostrato che deviazioni fino a 10∘ di deformità angolare al terzo medio o al terzo distale della diafisi radiale non causano deficit in prono-supinazione dell’avambraccio. Per quanto riguarda il trattamento chirurgico, la maggior parte degli Autori concorda sulla scelta di una placca a compressione dinamica. Il ripristino della curvatura radiale nel momento della riduzione della frattura risulta fondamentale sia nella ricostruzione della normale architettura del radio, sia della funzionalità dell’articolazione radio ulnare distale.
Abstract
The treatment of isolated ulnar fractures remains controversial, with different authors recommending both surgical and non-surgical management. The results of the non-operative treatment of minimally displaced ulnar fractures with a stable configuration (fractures angulated less than 10∘ or translated less than 50%), were uniformly good. Below elbow plaster cast, functional brace and early mobilization all produced similar results. An above elbow cast was unnecessarily restrictive. Operative treatment of closed isolated distal ulna fractures does not appear to confer a treatment advantage when compared to non-operative treatment. Unstable fractures are reliably treated with open reduction and internal fixation with compression plating. Isolated fractures of the radial diaphysis are more common than true Galeazzi fractures. Surgeons should take great care not to overlook injury to the distal or proximal radioulnar joint in association with isolated diaphyseal fractures of the radius. Rotatory radial deformities produced losses of pronation-supination that were equal to the degree of deformity and angular and rotatory deformities of the forearm of 10 degrees or less result in minimum limitation of pronation-supination. Mild angular and rotatory deformities resulting from nonsurgical treatment of fractures of the forearm may produce limitations of motion of an equally acceptable degree. To preserve forearm rotation, widely displaced or unstable fractures are best treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Compression plate fixation gave reliable results in these cases. Other methods lacked sufficient published data to be recommended.
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Rivera, F. Le fratture monostotiche di avambraccio. Aggiornamenti 19, 39–45 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10351-013-0010-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10351-013-0010-z