Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Bagging on Color, Anthocyanin and Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes in Peel of Red Colored Mango Cv. ‘Lily’

Einfluss der Beschattung auf Farbe, Anthocyan und Anthocyan-Biosynthese-Gene der Fruchthaut bei rotschaligen Mangos der Sorte ‘Lily’

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Erwerbs-Obstbau Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sunlight influences many morphological, biochemical and molecular changes in fruits and the most important is color change associated with the development of pigments. The exposure to sunlight influences the anthocyanin content of the fruit peel. With the aim to understand the influence of bagging of fruits on the mango peel color, anthocyanin and expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, an experiment was conducted by covering fruits of red colored cv. ‘Lily’ with muslin cloth. The observations were recorded for fruits of control (non-bagged) and fruits developing in shade. In bagged fruits, the color of peel changed towards lightness and yellowness. The reduction in anthocyanin was observed up to 17 times in bagged and shaded fruits. We also observed the down-regulation of all anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in fruits under bagged and shaded conditions. This study reports the influence of bagging and shade on anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and subsequent change in the color of fruit peel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CHS:

Chalcone synthase

CHI:

Chalcone isomerase

F3H:

Flavanone 3‑hydroxylase

F3,5H:

Flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase

ANS:

Anthocyanin synthase

DFR:

Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase

UFGT:

UDP-glucose: flavonoid-O-glycosyl-transferase

BHLHX:

Basic helix loop helix, MYB Transcription factor and WD-40R

References

  • Bible BB, Singha S (1993) Canopy position influences CIELAB coordinates of peach color. HortScience 28:992–993

    Google Scholar 

  • Borsani O, Gonzalez-Neves G, Ferrer M, Monza J (2010) Anthocyanins accumulation and genes-related expression in berries of cv. tannat (vitis vinifera L.). J Appl Hortic 12(1):3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen CS, Di Z, Ya-Qiang W, Peng-Min L, And Feng-Wang M (2012) Effects of fruit bagging on the contents of phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Red Delicious’, and ‘Royal Gala’ apples. Sci Hortic 14:68–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genard M, Bruchou C (1992) Multivariate analysis of within-tree factors accounting for the variation of peach fruit quality. Sci Hortic 52(1):37–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofman PJ, Smith LG, Joyce DC, Johnson GI, Meburg GF (1997) Bagging of mango (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Keitt’) fruit influences fruit quality and mineral composition. Postharvest Biol Technol 12:83–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang ZL, Wang BW, Williams P, Pace RD (2009) Identification of anthocyanins in muscadine grapes with HPLC-ESI-MS. LWT Food Sci Technol 42:819–824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang AS, Huang KL, Hsu SH (2004) Effect of bagging with black paper on coloration and fruit quality of ‘Ruby’ grapefruit. J Agric Res China 53:229–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaakola L (2013) New insights into the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruits. Trends Plant Sci 18(9):477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2013.06.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain M, Aashima N, Akhilesh KT, Jitendra PK (2006) Validation of housekeeping genes as internal control for studying gene expression in rice by quantitative real-time PCR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345:646–651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia H, Araki A, Okamoto G (2005) Influence of fruit bagging on aroma volatiles and skin coloration of ‘Hakuho’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch). Postharvest Biol Technol 35:61–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jing C, Ma C, Zhang J, Jing S, Jiang X, Yang Y, Zao Z (2016) Effect of debagging time on delicious’ and ‘qinguan’ apple fruit at mid and late stages of development. PLoS ONE 11(10):e165050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • John AT, Hofman PJ, Underhill SJ, Bell KL (1998) Fruit canopy position and panicle bagging affects yield and quality of ‘tai so’ lychee. Sci Hortic 72:203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ju ZG (1998) Fruit bagging, a useful method for studying anthocyanin synthesis and gene expression in apple. Sci Hortic 77:155–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kader AA (1999) Fruit maturity, ripening, and quality relationships. Acta Hortic 485:203–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawphaitoon S, Isarangkool SN, Techawongstien S (2014) Effect of fruit position on fruit quality of ‘Num Dok Mai Sithong’ mango. Acta Hortic. SHS Acta Horticulturae 1111: XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): IV International Symposium on Papaya, VIII International Pineapple Symposium, and International Symposium on Mango, pp 336–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayesh E, Lingfei S, Nicholas K, Xin S, Nadira B, Yanping Z, Jian H, Changnian S, Zong-M C, Jinggui F (2013) Fruit skin color and the role of anthocyanin. Acta Physiol Plant 35:2879–2890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konczak I, Zhang W (2004) Anthocyanins: more than nature’s colors. J Biomed Biotechnol 5:239–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo S, Maeda M, Kobayashi S, Honda C (2002) Expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in malus sylvestris L. ‘Mutsu’ non-red apples. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 77:718–723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima AJ, Alvarenga AA, Marcelo RM, Deyse G, Elisa BL (2013) Chemical evaluation and effect of bagging new peach varieties introduced in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 33(3):434–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Fei C, Lixin W, Rui M, Xiaojun Z, Zhengyang Z (2013) Fruit coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis after bag removal in non-red and red apples (Malus× domestica Borkh). Molecules 18:1549–1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire RG (1992) Reporting of objective color measurements. HortScience 27:1254–1255

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfaffl MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 29(9):e45. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.9.e45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Royal Horticulture Society (2007) Royal horticultural society color chart, 5th edn. Royal Horticultural Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Saure MC (1990) External control of anthocyanin formation in apple. Sci Hortic 42:181–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shivashankara KS, Jalikop SH, Roy TK (2010) Species variability for fruit antioxidant and radical scavenging abilities in mulberry. Int J Fruit Sci 10:355–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steyn WJ (2009) Prevalence and function of anthocyanins in fruits. In: Gould K, Davis K, Chris W (eds) Anthocyanins: biosynthesis, functions and applications. Springer Science Business Media, Berlin, pp 85–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Takos AM, Jaffe FW, Jacob SR, Bogs J, Robinson SP, Walker AR (2006) Light-induced expression of a MYB gene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples. Plant Physiol 142(3):1216–1232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tyas JA, Hofman PJ, Underhill SJ, Bell KL (1998) Fruit canopy position and panicle bagging affects yield and quality of ‘Tai So’ lychee. Sci Hortic 72:203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasanthaiah HK, Kundapura VR, Kodthalu SS, Lalitha A, Pappana N, Gullara CM, Prasad TG (2006) Cloning and characterization of differentially expressed genes of internal breakdown in mango fruit (mangifera indica). J Plant Physiol 163:671–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voss DH (1992) Relating colorimeter measurement of plant color to the royal horticultural society colour chart. HortScience 27:1256–1260

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei YZ, Hu FC, Hu GB, Li XJ, Huang XM, Wang HC (2011) Differential expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in relation to anthocyanin accumulation in the pericarp of litchi chinensis sonn. PLoS ONE 6(4):e19455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu HX, Wang SB, Ma XW, Ma WH, Zhan RL, Yao QS (2013) Effect of bagging on fruit quality in mango. Acta Hortic 992:587–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie R, Li Z, Shaolan H, Yongqiang Z, Shilai Y, Lie D (2011) Anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruit tree crops: genes and their regulation. Afr J Biotechnol 10(86):19890–19897

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

GRK thank University Grant Commission, New Delhi for providing Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (RGNF-ST-GOA-7140). Authors acknowledge the financial assistance from ICAR Network Project on Transgenics in Crops (NPTC): Functional genomics of plant type, maturity and fruit quality traits in Mango. Also, Dr. D. V. Sudhakar Rao (Principal Scientist, ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru) is acknowledged for providing color reader.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta lake post, 560089, Bengaluru, India

    G. R. Karanjalker, K. V. Ravishankar, K. S. Shivashankara & M. R. Dinesh

  2. College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, GKVK Post, 560065, Bengaluru, India

    G. R. Karanjalker

Authors
  1. G. R. Karanjalker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. V. Ravishankar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. S. Shivashankara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. R. Dinesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. R. Karanjalker.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

G.R. Karanjalker, K.V. Ravishankar, K.S. Shivashankara and M.R. Dinesh declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karanjalker, G.R., Ravishankar, K.V., Shivashankara, K.S. et al. Influence of Bagging on Color, Anthocyanin and Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes in Peel of Red Colored Mango Cv. ‘Lily’. Erwerbs-Obstbau 60, 281–287 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-018-0371-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-018-0371-0

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Search

Navigation