Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A novel MR-compatible sensor to assess active medical device safety: stimulation monitoring, rectified radio frequency pulses, and gradient-induced voltage measurements

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the function of an active implantable medical device (AIMD) during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The induced voltages caused by the switching of magnetic field gradients and rectified radio frequency (RF) pulse were measured, along with the AIMD stimulations.

Materials and methods

An MRI-compatible voltage probe with a bandwidth of 0–40 kHz was designed. Measurements were carried out both on the bench with an overvoltage protection circuit commonly used for AIMD and with a pacemaker during MRI scans on a 1.5 T (64 MHz) MR scanner.

Results

The sensor exhibits a measurement range of ± 15 V with an amplitude resolution of 7 mV and a temporal resolution of 10 µs. Rectification was measured on the bench with the overvoltage protection circuit. Linear proportionality was confirmed between the induced voltage and the magnetic field gradient slew rate. The pacemaker pacing was recorded successfully during MRI scans.

Conclusion

The characteristics of this low-frequency voltage probe allow its use with extreme RF transmission power and magnetic field gradient positioning for MR safety test of AIMD during MRI scans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. De Wilde JP, Grainger D, Price DL, Renaud C (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging safety issues including an analysis of recorded incidents within the UK. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 51:37–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Shinbane JS, Colletti PM, Shellock FG (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac pacemakers: era of “MR Conditional” designs. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 13:63

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Nazarian S, Halperin HR (2009) How to perform magnetic resonance imaging on patients with implantable cardiac arrhythmia devices. Heart Rhythm 6:138–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jung W, Zvereva V, Hajredini B, Jäckle S (2011) Initial experience with magnetic resonance imaging-safe pacemakers. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 32:213–219

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Duru F, Luechinger R, Scheidegger MB, Lu TF, Lüscher TF, Boesiger P, Candinas R (2001) Pacing in magnetic resonance imaging environment: clinical and technical considerations on compatibility. Eur Heart J 22:113–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kugel H, Bremer C, Püschel M, Fischbach R, Lenzen H, Tombach B, Van Aken H, Heindel W (2003) Hazardous situation in the MR bore: induction in ECG leads causes fire. Eur Radiol 13:690–694

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dempsey MF, Condon B (2001) Thermal injuries associated with MRI. Clin Radiol 56:457–465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. New PF, Rosen BR, Brady TJ, Buonanno FS, Kistler JP, Burt CT, Hinshaw WS, Newhouse JH, Pohost GM, Taveras JM (1983) Potential hazards and artifacts of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic surgical and dental materials and devices in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology 147:139–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shellock FG, Crues J (1988) High-field-strength MR imaging and metallic biomedical implants: an ex vivo evaluation of deflection forces. Am J Roentgenol 151:389–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shellock FG (2009) Reference manual for magnetic resonance safety: 2016 edition. Biomedical Research Publishing Group, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  11. ISO/TS 10974:2012(E) (2012) Assessment of the safety of magnetic resonance imaging for patients with an active implantable medical device

  12. Barbier T, Piumatti R, Hecker B, Odille F, Felblinger J, Pasquier C (2014) An RF-induced voltage sensor for investigating pacemaker safety in MRI. Magn Reson Mater Phy 27:539–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Nordbeck P, Weiss I, Ehses P, Ritter O, Warmuth M, Fidler F, Herold V, Jakob PM, Ladd ME, Quick HH, Bauer WR (2009) Measuring RF-induced currents inside implants: impact of device configuration on MRI safety of cardiac pacemaker leads. Magn Reson Med 61:570–578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zanchi MG, Venook R, Pauly JM, Scott GC (2010) An optically coupled system for quantitative monitoring of MRI-induced RF currents into long conductors. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 29:169–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tandri H, Zviman MM, Wedan SR, Lloyd T, Berger RD, Halperin H (2008) Determinants of gradient field-induced current in a pacemaker lead system in a magnetic resonance imaging environment. Heart Rhythm 5:462–468

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mattei E, Censi F, Triventi M, Napolitano A, Genovese E, Cannatà V, Calcagnini G (2015) An optically coupled sensor for the measurement of currents induced by MRI gradient fields into endocardial leads. Magn Reson Mater Phy 28:291–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu H, Matson G (2013) Accurate measurement of magnetic resonance imaging gradient characteristics. Materials 7:1–15

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. ASTM F2182-11A (2011) Measurement of radio frequency induced heating on or near passive implants during magnetic resonance imaging. ASTM, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  19. International Electrotechnical Commission (2010) Medical equipment—IEC 60601-2-33: particular requirements for the safety of magnetic resonance equipment, 3rd edn. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  20. Glover PM (2009) Interaction of MRI field gradients with the human body. Phys Med Biol 54:R99–R115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu F, Zhao H, Crozier S (2003) On the induced electric field gradients in the human body for magnetic stimulation by gradient coils in MRI. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 50:804–815

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Langman DA, Goldberg IB, Finn JP, Ennis DB (2011) Pacemaker lead tip heating in abandoned and pacemaker-attached leads at 1.5 Tesla MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 33:426–431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mattei E, Calcagnini G, Censi F, Triventi M, Bartolini P (2012) Role of the lead structure in MRI-induced heating: in vitro measurements on 30 commercial pacemaker/defibrillator leads. Magn Reson Med 67:925–935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ferreira AM, Costa F, Tralhão A, Marques H, Cardim N, Adragão P (2014) MRI-conditional pacemakers: current perspectives. Med Devices Auckl NZ 7:115–124

    Google Scholar 

  25. Irnich W (2002) Electronic security systems and active implantable medical devices. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25:1235–1258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Irnich W (2010) The terms “Chronaxie” and “Rheobase” are 100 years old. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 33:491–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stevenson RA (1998) Feedthrough EMI filter with ground isolation for cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. In: Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol 20 Biomedical Engineering Year 2000 Cat No. 98CH36286, vol 6, p 3319–3323

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank the F.E.D.E.R. as well as the Région Lorraine for financial support and Sorin CRM SAS for the devices lending.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Thérèse Barbier and Sarra Aissani contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IADI, U947, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France

    Thérèse Barbier, Sarra Aissani, Nicolas Weber, Cédric Pasquier & Jacques Felblinger

  2. CIC 1433 Innovation Technologique, INSERM, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France

    Jacques Felblinger

  3. Axon’ Cable, Montmirail, France

    Thérèse Barbier

  4. IADI (Université de Lorraine-INSERM), Bâtiment Recherche (anciennement EFS), Rez-de-Chaussé, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Rue du Morvan, 54511, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France

    Jacques Felblinger

Authors
  1. Thérèse Barbier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sarra Aissani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicolas Weber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cédric Pasquier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jacques Felblinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Study conception and design: Thérèse Barbier, Sarra Aissani, Nicolas Weber. Acquisition of data: Thérèse Barbier, Sarra Aissani. Analysis and interpretation of data: Thérèse Barbier, Sarra Aissani. Drafting of manuscript: Sarra Aissani, Jacques Felblinger. Critical revision: Cédric Pasquier.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacques Felblinger.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Barbier, T., Aissani, S., Weber, N. et al. A novel MR-compatible sensor to assess active medical device safety: stimulation monitoring, rectified radio frequency pulses, and gradient-induced voltage measurements. Magn Reson Mater Phy 31, 677–688 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-018-0682-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-018-0682-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation