Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) of gold has adversely affected the environment and human health for decades, mostly due to excessive use of mercury. With the enactment of the zero mercury law, miners in Columbia began to replace mercury with cyanide and improve their processes. We analyzed the extraction dynamics, based on what had been identified in the municipality of Andes (Colombia) and indexed the pollutant loads of discharges from different small-scale mining gold plants. Gold production for the year 2022 in the municipality of Andes is predicted to total 9811.4 g. None of the sampled small-scale mines currently complies with the permissible parameters for ions and metals in industrial discharges; however, the contamination levels have been reduced for the: La Y mine by 18%, Dorado mine by 13.3%, El Molino by 8.6%, and La Soledad mine by 2.7%. This shows that the ASM operators in the municipality of Andes are beginning to implement cleaner production strategies.
Zusammenfassung
Der Goldbergbau im Kleins- und Kleinmaßstab (Artisanal and Small Scale Mining, ASM) hat die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit seit Jahrzehnten negativ beeinflusst, vor allem durch den übermäßigen Einsatz von Quecksilber. Mit der Verabschiedung des Null-Quecksilber-Gesetzes begannen die Bergleute in Kolumbien, Quecksilber durch Zyanid zu ersetzen und ihre Prozesse zu verbessern. Wir analysierten die Abbau-Dynamik, basierend auf dem, was in der Gemeinde Andes (Kolumbien) identifiziert wurde, und indizierten die Schadstoffbelastungen der Einleitungen von verschiedenen Goldgewinnungsanlagen des Kleinbergbaus. Für das Jahr 2022 wird in der Gemeinde Andes eine Goldproduktion von insgesamt 9811.4 g vorhergesagt. Keines der beprobten Kleinbergwerke hält derzeit die zulässigen Parameter für Ionen und Metalle in industriellen Abwässern ein; allerdings wurden die Verschmutzungswerte reduziert: La Y-Mine um 18%, Dorado-Mine um 13.3%, El Molino um 8.6% und La Soledad-Mine um 2.7%. Dies zeigt, dass die ASM-Betreiber in der Gemeinde Andes beginnen, sauberere Produktionsstrategien umzusetzen.
Resumen
La minería artesanal y en pequeña escala (MAPE) del oro ha afectado negativamente al medio ambiente y a la salud humana durante décadas, principalmente debido al uso excesivo de mercurio. Con la promulgación de la ley de mercurio cero, los mineros de Colombia comenzaron a reemplazar el mercurio por cianuro y a mejorar sus procesos. Analizamos la dinámica de la extracción, basándonos en lo que se había identificado en el municipio de los Andes (Colombia) e indexamos las cargas contaminantes de las descargas de diferentes plantas de minería de oro a pequeña escala. Se prevé que la producción de oro para el año 2022 en el municipio de los Andes ascenderá a un total de 9811.4 g. Ninguna de las pequeñas minas muestreadas cumple actualmente con los parámetros permisibles de iones y metales en las descargas industriales; sin embargo, los niveles de contaminación se han reducido: la mina La Y en 18%, la mina Dorado en 13.3%, El Molino en 8.6% y la mina La Soledad en 2.7%. Esto demuestra que los operadores de la MAPE en el municipio de Los Andes están comenzando a implementar estrategias de producción más limpia.
抽象
几十年来, 尤其是汞的过度使用, 手工和小型采金业 (ASM) 已对环境和人类健康造成了负面影响。随着零汞法案的颁布, 哥伦比亚采金者开始以氰化物代替汞, 改进了提炼工艺。基于安第斯市 (哥伦比亚) 已调查情形, 分析了采金提炼动态, 计算各小型金矿排放污染物负荷。预计安第斯市2022年黄金产量9811.4克。目前, 虽然还没有一个被抽查的小型金矿满足工业排放物离子和金属允许值要求, 但是污染水平已经降低, La Y矿降低18%, Dorado矿降低13.3%, El Molino矿降低8.6%, La Soledad矿降低2.7%。研究表明, 安第斯市手工和小型采金业 (ASM) 经营者正在实施清洁生产战略。
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Sierra florez, D., Gaona, L.S. Prospective Analysis of Artisanal Mining in the Santa Rita Village: Municipality of Andes, Antioquia. Mine Water Environ 40, 783–792 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00778-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00778-y