Abstract
Material flow analysis (MFA) has been applied to assess the environmental impact of human activities on nutrient flows at the commune scale. This paper reports the assessment of human excreta and animal manure as a nutrient source for paddy fields and fishponds in Hoang Tay commune, Ha Nam province, Vietnam. The quality of MFA model was confirmed through modified uncertainty analysis, then was used to originally quantify and visualize the interlinks of livestock with the environmental sanitation and agricultural system in terms of nutrients. Currently, half of the pig manure was collected to the biogas, and the remainders were freely discharged to the commune’s drainage system (25%) or directly reused in the paddy fields (25%). While wastewater in the drainage system was the biggest source of nitrogen (contributed 46%), paddy field was the biggest source of phosphorous (contributed 55%) discharged to the Nhue River, totaling 57 ± 9 ton N and 29 ± 6 ton P, annually. Consequently, mitigation measures for nutrient resource management were proposed, and reducing half of chemical fertilizers applied and reusing all excreta and manure in the paddy fields were the most effective option.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Nguyen Kim Ngan and Nguyen Duy Tien for their technical support in the study and Vi Nguyen for proof-reading the manuscript. The Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) financially supported this research through the PAMS Nr. SEA-3_05 Project within the NCCR North–South program. The field research surveys conducted in this study were funded by the NAFOSTED (Program No. 104.04- 2013.37).
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Nga, D.T., Thao, T.T., Van Tu, V. et al. Development of nutrient cycle through agricultural activities of a rural area in the North of Vietnam. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 20, 167–175 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0557-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0557-1