Abstract
The increasing demands of humankind contribute to the scarcity of natural resources and foster climate changes. For this reason, sustainable development has become a fundamental agenda in the twenty-first century. The intense urbanization induces significant changes in the natural water cycle, and this feature, coupled with neglecting the natural water dynamics in the urban planning process, increases the population’s vulnerability to urban floods. In this context, sustainable urban drainage techniques have been proposed to match the urban and natural demands, while preserving or recovering the environmental functions, as much as possible. However, such techniques are often not adopted, even in developed cities, and this fact seems to be related to the improper awareness of the whole set of benefits involved in their use. This article aims to evaluate the economic viability of sustainable urban drainage systems, in a simple and easily acceptable way, considering the ecosystem services provided by green roofs and rainwater harvesting barrels, and including their action in delivering urban revitalization and valorization. The proposed method can be easily used and understood by decision-makers, facilitating its diffusion and use in urban policy-making process. The results showed a best-performing scenario for the rainwater harvesting system with a payback of approximately three years, a benefit-cost ratio of four, and an internal return rate of 45%. The ecosystem service benefits represent 36.3% to 50.8% of total benefits.
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Notes
At least one of the following criteria must be fulfilled for an event to be entered into the EM-DAT database: 10 or more people deaths, 100 or more people affected / injured / homeless or declaration by the country of a state of emergency and/or an appeal for international assistance. EM-DAT considers people to be affected by disasters where they require “immediate assistance during a period of emergency, i.e., requiring basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, sanitation, and immediate medical assistance.” This, therefore, includes people displaced, even if only for one day, but also people who lose their houses or sustain life-changing injuries.
In Brazil, the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) is in charge of collecting, storing, and distributing climatic data. Data is gathered daily every hour and includes temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, among others. https://portal.inmet.gov.br/.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. Furthermore, this study was conducted with support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico—Brasil (CNPQ) —Process 142284/2018-1 and 303862/2020-3—and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) —Process E-26/201.404/2021 (26079). Special thanks go to the UNESCO Chair for Urban Drainage in Regions of Coastal Lowlands at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
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Fraga, J.P.R., Okumura, C.K., Guimarães, L.F. et al. Cost-benefit analysis of sustainable drainage systems considering ecosystems services benefits: case study of canal do mangue watershed in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. Clean Techn Environ Policy 24, 695–712 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02221-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02221-w