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Akute Gefäßverletzungen bei Traumapatienten

Unfallchirurgische Strategien in der Primärversorgung

Acute vascular injuries in trauma patients

Trauma surgery strategies in the primary care setting

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Traumatische Gefäßverletzungen stellen eine diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung dar. Sie sind insgesamt selten, jedoch potenziell lebensbedrohlich. Verletzungen großer Gefäße mit konsekutivem hämorrhagischem Schock sind die häufigste Ursache eines traumatischen Herzkreislaufstillstands. Am häufigsten sind Gefäße an Extremitäten betroffen, wobei diese sich als Blutung oder Ischämie manifestieren.

Ergebnisse

Die präklinischen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Möglichkeiten sind, bis auf das Stillen externer Blutungen, limitiert. Deshalb steht der schnelle Transport in eine geeignete Klinik im Vordergrund. Im klinischen Management ist die Suche oder der Ausschluss von Gefäßverletzungen vorrangig. Erst nach Klassifikation des Patienten in stabil, borderline, instabil und in extremis erfolgt die Festlegung des weiteren Prozederes. Bei instabilen und In-extremis-Patienten erfolgt primär die Blutstillung und Stabilisation nach Damage-Control-Prinzipien. Hierbei kann eine Minimaldiagnostik (Röntgen, Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma [FAST]) hilfreich sein. Notfallchirurgische Maßnahmen der Blutstillung sind die primäre Naht, die Ligatur, das abdominelle/extraperitoneale pelvine Packing, Ballonkathetertamponade, REBOA („resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta“), Aortenclamping und der temporäre intravaskuläre Shunt. Bei allen anderen Patienten hat sich das Prinzip des primären Multislice Computertomogramm mit Kontrastmittel und gezielter chirurgischer Therapie (Early Adapted Care) durchgesetzt. Bei unklaren oder verdächtigen Befunden und entsprechendem Verletzungsmuster muss eine okkulte Gefäßverletzung durch erweiterte Diagnostik definitiv ausgeschlossen werden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Der Schlüssel eines erfolgreichen Managements ist eine funktionierende Rettungskette, ein interdisziplinäres Management, rasche Diagnostik und adäquate Therapie.

Abstract

Background

Traumatic vascular injuries, seldom but potentially life-threatening, pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Injuries of large vessels with consecutive haemorrhagic shock are the most frequent cause of traumatic cardiac arrest. Vascular injuries are predominantly located at the limbs and manifest themselves via bleeding or ischemia.

Results

Preclinical diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities, except external bleeding control are limited. Therefore, early transportation to a convenient clinic is mandatory for successful management. Paramount for clinical management is identifying or excluding vascular injuries. The classification of the patient into stable, borderline, unstable or in extremis guides the surgical principals. Unstable and in extremis patients receive immediate haemostasis via Damage Control principles and haemodynamic stabilisation. Minimal diagnostics (X-ray, FAST) can be helpful. Emergency surgical measures for haemostasis are primary suture, ligature, abdominal/extraperitoneal pelvic packing, balloon catheter tamponade, REBOA, aortic clamping and temporary intravascular shunting. Stable or borderline patients are treated via the primary multislice contrast CT scan and Early Adapted Care surgical principals. In doubtful or suspicious clinical situations and vascular injury typical injury pattern, occult vascular injuries must be definitively excluded via advanced diagnostics.

Conclusion

Cornerstones for successful management of traumatic vascular injuries are a functioning rescue chain, interdisciplinary management, quick diagnostics and adequate therapy.

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Correspondence to C. Kleber.

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Interessenkonflikt

C. Kleber, H.C. Held, M. Geßlein, C. Reeps und J. Pyrc geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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M. Christ, Luzern

A.A. Larena-Avellaneda, Hamburg

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Kleber, C., Held, H.C., Geßlein, M. et al. Akute Gefäßverletzungen bei Traumapatienten. Notfall Rettungsmed 20, 322–331 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-017-0295-5

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