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Ecosystem Nitrogen Response to a Simulated Ice Storm in a Northern Hardwood Forest

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Abstract

Ice storms are important but understudied disturbances that influence forest structure and function. In 1998, an ice storm damaged forest canopies and led to increased hydrologic losses of nitrogen (N) from the northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in New Hampshire, USA. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying this response, we experimentally simulated ice storms with different frequencies and severities at the small plot scale. We took measurements of plant and soil variables before (2015) and after (2016, 2017) treatments using the same methods used in 1998 with a focus on hydrologic and gaseous losses of reactive N, as well as rates of soil N cycle processes. Nitrogen cycle responses to the treatments were insignificant and less marked than the responses to the 1998 natural ice storm. Pools and leaching of inorganic N, net and gross mineralization and nitrification and denitrification rates, and soil to atmosphere fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) were unaffected by the treatments, in contrast to the 1998 storm which caused marked increases in leaching and watershed export of inorganic N. The difference in response may be a manifestation of N oligotrophication that has occurred at the HBEF over the past 30 years. Results suggest that ecosystem response to disturbances, such as ice storms, is changing due to aspects of global environmental change, challenging our ability to understand and predict the effects of these events on ecosystem structure, function, and services.

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Data Availability

The data for this paper are available through the Hubbard Brook Data Catalog (https://hubbardbrook.org/d/hubbard-brook-data-catalog).

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1457675). We thank all the people who helped with the ice application and associated field and laboratory work, especially Ian Halm, Frank Bowles, Geoff Schwaner, Gabe Winant, and Brendan Leonardi. This manuscript is a contribution of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Hubbard Brook is part of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network, which is supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1633026). The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.

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  1. Julie N. Weitzman

    Present address: ORISE Fellow at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, Ecological Effects Branch, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA

    Julie N. Weitzman & Peter M. Groffman

  2. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA

    Julie N. Weitzman & Peter M. Groffman

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, New York, New York, USA

    Peter M. Groffman

  4. Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Durham, New Hampshire, USA

    John L. Campbell & Lindsey E. Rustad

  5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Charles T. Driscoll

  6. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment & Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

    Robert T. Fahey

  7. Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

    Timothy J. Fahey

  8. Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Burlington, Vermont, USA

    Paul G. Schaberg

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Authors’ Contributions: JNW performed the research, was involved in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the bulk of the data, and drafted the manuscript with PMG, with input from all the authors. PMG provided mentoring to JNW throughout the study. JLC, RTF, and LER contributed additional data and interpretation. PMG, JLC, CTD, TJF, PGS, and LER secured funding and conceived of the study. All authors provided critical feedback for revision of the final manuscript.

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Weitzman, J.N., Groffman, P.M., Campbell, J.L. et al. Ecosystem Nitrogen Response to a Simulated Ice Storm in a Northern Hardwood Forest. Ecosystems 23, 1186–1205 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00463-w

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