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Bridging the Gap Between Salmon Spawner Abundance and Marine Nutrient Assimilation by Juvenile Salmon: Seasonal Cycles and Landscape Effects at the Watershed Scale

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Abstract

Anadromous Pacific salmon are semelparous, and resource subsidies from spawning adults (marine-derived nutrients, or MDN) benefit juvenile salmonids rearing in freshwater. However, it remains unclear how MDN assimilation relates to spawner abundance within a watershed. To address this, we examined seasonal, watershed-scale patterns of MDN assimilation in rearing coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon and compared it with spawner biomass and landscape features in a western Alaska watershed with contrasting structural complexity in two sub-drainages. Adult salmon biomass density was estimated from escapement and spawner distribution data, and MDN assimilation in juvenile salmon was estimated via stable isotopes. In the North River, MDN assimilation was lowest in early summer, prior to annual spawning migrations, increased after spawning, and peaked in late winter. In the more complex mainstem Unalakleet River, MDN assimilation was higher but varied minimally from summer through fall before increasing in late fall and winter. Summer MDN assimilation, prior to salmon spawning, was primarily a function of habitat complexity, where MDN was highest in sloughs and the more complex mainstem river. After salmon spawned, fall MDN assimilation was a function of adult pink and Chinook salmon biomass as well as MDN assimilation that occurred prior to spawning (that is, summer MDN), but unrelated to total summer biomass (all salmon species biomass combined). Thus, MDN assimilation by juvenile salmon in the fall was a function of species-specific adult spawner abundance but seasonal patterns of MDN assimilation were masked in complex habitat where summer MDN assimilation remained high.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund (AKSSF project numbers 44614, 44624 and 45895), the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation (NSEDC), the Alaska Department of Fish and Game-Sport Fish Division (ADF&G-SFD), and the Alaska Fish and Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. We wish to thank Philip Joy’s Ph.D. committee members Milo Adkison, Megan McPhee, and Daniel Rinella for editorial contributions and support. We would like to thank field technicians extraordinaire Jacob Ivanoff, Renée Ivanoff, Clayton Mixsooke, Jessie Dunshie, John Ivanoff, Jenny Dill, Yosty Storms, Allison Martin, Will Tompkins, Matt Robinson, Maya Uranishi, Joanne Semaken, Trisha Ivanoff, Loren St. Amand, and Kira Eckenweiler. We would like to thank Eric Torvinen for his assistance analyzing diet samples. We would also like to thank BLM staff Merlyn Schelske, Jeff Beyersdorff, and Jeff Kowalczk for logistical support. Thanks to ADF&G staff James Savereide, Klaus Wuttig, and Matt Evenson for field and logistical support and for editorial comments. Finally, we would like to thank the village of Unalakleet for providing a warm and receptive community in which to work and live and for their passion and dedication to the salmon that sustain their culture, lifestyle, and community. This project was completed under the IACUC protocol # 22638 at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and under the Alaska Department of Fish and Game collection permit #SF-ECP-2007-76. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sport Fish Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Rd., Fairbanks, Alaska, 99701, USA

    Philip J. Joy & Matthew Tyers

  2. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757220, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA

    Philip J. Joy & Andrew C. Seitz

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, PO Box 25046, MS963, Denver, Colorado, 80225-0046, USA

    Craig A. Stricker

  4. Norton Sound Fisheries Research and Development, Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation, PO Box 193, Unalakleet, Alaska, 99684, USA

    Renae Ivanoff

  5. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775-7000, USA

    Mark S. Wipfli

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Correspondence to Philip J. Joy.

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Authors Contributions

PJJ conceived and designed the study, performed the research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper. CAS contributed to study design, performed the research, and contributed to the paper. RI performed the research. MSW contributed to the paper. ACS contributed to the paper. MT contributed to methods and models.

Data for this study can be found at: http://docushare.sf.adfg.state.ak.us/dsweb/View/Collection-7505.

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Joy, P.J., Stricker, C.A., Ivanoff, R. et al. Bridging the Gap Between Salmon Spawner Abundance and Marine Nutrient Assimilation by Juvenile Salmon: Seasonal Cycles and Landscape Effects at the Watershed Scale. Ecosystems 23, 338–358 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00406-5

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