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Neuroanatomical changes associated with conduct disorder in boys: influence of childhood maltreatment

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Abstract

Childhood maltreatment (CM) poses a serious risk to the physical, emotional and psychological well-being of children, and can advance the development of maladaptive behaviors, including conduct disorder (CD). CD involves repetitive, persistent violations of others’ basic rights and societal norms. Little is known about whether and how CM influences the neural mechanisms underlying CD, and CD-characteristic neuroanatomical changes have not yet been defined in a structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) study. Here, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) to investigate the influence of the CD diagnosis and CM on the brain in 96 boys diagnosed with CD (62 with CM) and 86 typically developing (TD) boys (46 with CM). The participants were 12–17 years of age. Compared to the CM− CD group, the CM+ CD group had structural gray matter (GM) alterations in the fronto-limbic regions, including the left amygdala, right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), right putamen, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We also found boys with CD exhibited increased GM volume in bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), as well as decreased GM volume and decreased gyrification in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) relative to TD boys. Regional GM volume correlated with aggression and conduct problem severity in the CD group, suggesting that the GM changes may contribute to increased aggression and conduct problems in boys with CD who have suffered CM. In conclusion, these results demonstrate previously unreported CM-associated distinct brain structural changes among CD-diagnosed boys.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 81471384). Yidian Gao is funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (no. 2016zzts140). The funding agencies have no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We would like to thank our participants and their families for taking part in the study. We are also grateful to the clinicians and teachers for their assistance with recruitment.

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  1. Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Yidian Gao, Yali Jiang, Jibiao Zhang, Ren Ma, Qiong Wu, Daifeng Dong, Xiaoqiang Sun, Jiayue He, Wanyi Cao & Shuqiao Yao

  2. Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Yidian Gao, Yali Jiang, Jibiao Zhang, Ren Ma, Qiong Wu, Daifeng Dong, Xiaoqiang Sun, Jiayue He, Wanyi Cao & Shuqiao Yao

  3. National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Yidian Gao, Yali Jiang, Jibiao Zhang, Ren Ma, Qiong Wu, Daifeng Dong, Xiaoqiang Sun, Jiayue He, Wanyi Cao & Shuqiao Yao

  4. Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

    Qingsen Ming

  5. Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Shuwen Yuan

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The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (No. CSMC-2009S167) and has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

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Gao, Y., Jiang, Y., Ming, Q. et al. Neuroanatomical changes associated with conduct disorder in boys: influence of childhood maltreatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31, 601–613 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01697-z

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