Abstract
Soil particles generally possess negative ions, and form an electronic field nearby the particles, which results in generating diffuse double layers on the surface of the particles. There is no diffuse double layer at dry state, and it develops diffuse double layers first when wetted by solution. This paper investigates the effect of NaCl solution on swelling characteristics of bentonite with different initial water contents by performing a series of wetting tests. The wetting test results indicate that when the initial water content is less than 10%, the NaCl solution has no effect on the swelling. When the initial water content is larger than 10%, the swelling strain decreases with increase in the NaCl solution concentration. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests on compacted bentonite specimens were performed. The test results indicate that the strongly bound water content is 10%, which is similar to that by other method. The NMR tests on full wetting specimens, whose initial water content is less than 10%, show that the NaCl solution has no effect on NMR tests results. When the initial water content is larger than 10%, the proportion of curves from the NMR tests decreases with increase in the NaCl solution concentration. The NMR tests results indicate that the swelling occurred mainly in the intra-aggregate rather than in the inter-aggregate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Alawaji, Appl. Clay Sci. 15(3), 411–430 (1999)
J.F. Andrew, N. Nikolaus, J.L. David, Magn. Reson. Imaging 23(2), 317–319 (2005)
A.A. Behroozmand, K. Keating, E. Auken, Surv. Geophys. 36(1), 27–85 (2015)
T.V. Bharat, D.S. Das, Appl. Clay Sci. 136, 164–175 (2017)
T.V. Bharat, A. Sridharan, Clay Clay Miner. 63, 30–42 (2015)
P.B. Black, A.R. Tice, Water Resour. Res. 25, 2205–2210 (1989)
G.H. Bolt, J. Colloid Sci. 10(2), 206–218 (1955)
G.H. Bolt, Geotechnique 6, 86–93 (1956)
K.R. Brownstein, C.E. Tarr, Phys. Rev. 19(6), 2446–2453 (1979)
G.R. Coates, L.L. Xiao, M.G. Prammer, NMR Logging Principles and Application (Halliburton Energy Services Publication, Houston, 1999)
S. Costabel, U. Yaramanci, Water Resour. Res. 49, 2068–2079 (2013)
A. Dominijanni, M. Manassero, S. Puma, Geotechnique 63(3), 191–205 (2013)
C. Di Maio, G.B. Fenelli, Geotechnique 44(4), 217–226 (1994)
S.V. Dvinskikh, K. Sztkowski, I. Furo, J. Magn. Reson. 198(2), 146–150 (2009)
M. Fam, J.C. Santamarina, Can. Geotech. J. 33(3), 515–522 (1996)
S. Frydman, R. Baker, Int. J. Geomech. 9(6), 250–257 (2009)
A. Gajo, B. Loret, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55(8), 1762–1801 (2007)
J. Goncalves, P. Rousseau-Gueutin, G. Marsily, P. Cosenza, S. Violette, Water Resour. Res. 76(11), 98–118 (2013)
M. Kaczmarek, T. Hueckel, Transp. Porous Media 32(1), 49–74 (1998)
M. Khorshidi, N. Lu, A. Khorshidi, Vadose Zone J. 15(11), 1–12 (2016)
R.L. Kleinberg, in New Techniques in Sediment Core Analysis, vol. 267, ed. by R.G. Rothwell (Geological Society, Special Publications, London, 2006), pp. 179–192
L.C. Liu, Colloids Surf. A 434, 303–318 (2013)
N. Lu, M. Khorshidi, J. Geotechn. Geoenviron. Eng. 141(8), 04015032 (2015)
T.T. Ma, C.F. Wei, X.L. Xia, P. Chen, J. Eng. Mech. 142(11), 04016088 (2016)
J.K. Mitchell, K. Soga, Fundamentals of Soil Behavior (Wiley, New York, 2005)
R. Moore, Geotechnique 41(1), 35–47 (1991)
G. Musso, E. Romero, G. Della Vecchia, Geotechnique 63(3), 206–220 (2013)
R.E. Olson, G. Mesri, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. ASCE 96(6), 160–170 (1970)
T. Sanden, R. Goudarzi, M. De Combarieum, M. Akesson, H. Hokamrk, Phys. Chem. Earth 32, 77–92 (2007)
A. Sridharan, M.S. Jayadeva, Geotechnique 32(2), 133–144 (1982)
A. Sridharan, G.V. Rao, Geotechnique 23(3), 359–382 (1973)
D.A. Sun, L. Zhang, J. Li, B.C. Zhang, Appl. Clay Sci. 105, 207–2016 (2015)
H.H. Tian, C.F. Wei, H.Z. Wei, R.T. Yan, P. Chen, Appl. Magn. Reson. 45(1), 49–61 (2014)
S. Tripathy, A. Sridharan, T. Schanz, Can. Geotech. J. 41, 437–450 (2004)
M. Tuller, D. Or, Water Resour. Res. 41(9), 319–335 (2005)
H. van Olphen, Clays Clay Miner. 4, 204–224 (1956)
H. van Olphen, J. Colloid Sci. 19(4), 313–322 (1964)
D. Walsh, E.D. Grunewald, P. Turner, A. Hinnell, T.P.A. Ferre, Near Surf. Geophys. 12(2), 271–284 (2014)
C.F. Wei, Vadose Zone J. 13(9), 1–21 (2014)
P. Witteveen, A. Ferrari, L. Laloui, Geotechnique 63(3), 244–255 (2013)
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude for the grants provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41630633, 11672172 and 41502301). We appreciate Guangxi Key Laboratory of New Energy and Building Energy Saving, Guilin University of Technology, for supplying the instrument of NMR tests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, H., Sun, D. & Gao, Y. Effect of NaCl Solution on Swelling Characteristics of Bentonite with Different Diffuse Double Layers. Appl Magn Reson 49, 725–737 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-018-1009-y
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-018-1009-y