Abstract
Mediator is a conserved multi-protein complex that acts as a bridge between promoter-bound transcriptional regulators and RNA polymerase II. While redox signaling is important in adjusting plant metabolism and development, the involvement of Mediator in redox homeostasis and regulation only recently started to emerge. Our previous results show that the MED10a, MED28, and MED32 Mediator subunits form various types of covalent oligomers linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds in vitro. To link that with biological significance we have characterized Arabidopsis med32 and med28 mutants and found that they are affected in root development and senescence, phenotypes possibly associated to redox changes.
References
Anderson JP, Badruzsaufari E, Schenk PM, Manners JM, Desmond OJ, Ehlert C, Maclean DJ, Ebert PR, Kazan K (2004) Antagonistic interaction between abscisic acid and jasmonate-ethylene signaling pathways modulates defense gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:3460–3479
Autran D, Jonak C, Belcram K, Beemster GT, Kronenberger J, Grandjean O, Inzé D, Traas J (2002) Cell numbers and leaf development in Arabidopsis: a functional analysis of the STRUWWELPETER gene. EMBO J 21:6036–6049
Bäckström S, Elfving N, Nilsson R, Wingsle G, Björklund S (2007) Purification of a plant mediator from Arabidopsis thaliana identifies PFT1 as the Med25 subunit. Mol Cell 26:717–729
Björklund S, Gustafsson CM (2005) The yeast Mediator complex and its regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 30:240–244
Bonawitz ND, Soltau WL, Blatchley MR, Powers BL, Hurlock AK, Seals LA, Weng JK, Stout J, Chapple C (2012) REF4 and RFR1, subunits of the transcriptional coregulatory complex mediator, are required for phenylpropanoid homeostasis in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 287:5434–5445
Boube M, Joulia L, Cribbs DL, Bourbon HM (2002) Evidence for a mediator of RNA polymerase II transcriptional regulation conserved from yeast to man. Cell 110:143–151
Bourbon HM (2008) Comparative genomics supports a deep evolutionary origin for the large, four-module transcriptional mediator complex. Nucleic Acids Res 36:3993–4008
Cao S, Jiang S, Zhang R (2006) Evidence for a role of Ethylene-Insensitive 2 gene in the regulation of the oxidative stress response in Arabidopsis. Acta Physiol Plant 28:417–425
Carol RJ, Dolan L (2006) The role of reactive oxygen species in cell growth: lessons from root hairs. J Exp Bot 57:1829–1834
Cerdan PD, Chory J (2003) Regulation of flowering time by light quality. Nature 423:881–885
Cevik V, Kidd BN, Zhang P, Hill C, Kiddle S, Denby KJ, Holub EB, Cahill DM, Manners JM, Schenk PM, Beynon J, Kazan K (2012) Mediator25 acts as an integrative hub for the regulation of jasmonate-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 160:541–555
Chen GH, Liu CP, Chen SCG, Wang LC (2011) Role of ARABIDOPSIS A-FIFTEEN in regulating leaf senescence involves response to reactive oxygen species and is dependent on ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2. J Exp Bot 62:1–18
Dotson MR, Yuan CX, Roeder RG, Myers LC, Gustafsson CM, Jiang YW, Li Y, Kornberg RD, Asturias FJ (2000) Structural organization of yeast and mammalian mediator complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:14307–14310
Dunand C, Crèvecoeur M, Penel C (2007) Distribution of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis root and their influence on root development: possible interaction with peroxidases. New Phytol 174:332–341
Elfving N, Davoine C, Benlloch R, Blomberg J, Brännström K, Müller D, Nilsson A, Ulfstedt M, Ronne H, Wingsle G, Nilsson O, Björklund S (2011) The Arabidopsis thaliana Med25 mediator subunit integrates environmental cues to control plant development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8245–8250
Fu ZQ, Dong X (2013) Systemic acquired resistance: turning local infection into global defense. Annu Rev Plant Biol 64:839–863
Gillmor CS, Park MY, Smith MR, Pepitone R, Kerstetter RA et al (2010) The MED12-MED13 module of Mediator regulates the timing of embryo patterning in Arabidopsis. Development 137:113–122
Guglielmi B, van Berkum NL, Klapholz B, Bijma T, Boube M, Boschiero C, Bourbon HM, Holstege FC, Werner M (2004) A high resolution protein interaction map of the yeast Mediator complex. Nucleic Acids Res 32:5379–5391
Ito J, Sono T, Tasaka M, Furutani M (2011) MACCHI-BOU 2 is required for early embryo patterning and cotyledon organogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 52:539–552
Jiang J, Su M, Wang L, Jiao C, Sun Z, Cheng W, Li F, Wang C (2012) Exogenous hydrogen peroxide reversibly inhibits root gravitropism and induces horizontal curvature of primary root during grass pea germination. Plant Physiol Biochem 53:84–93
Jing HC, Hebeler R, Oeljeklaus S, Sitek B, Stuhler K, Meyer HE, Sturre MJ, Hille J, Warscheid B, Dijkwel PP (2008) Early leaf senescence is associated with an altered cellular redox balance in cpr5/old1 mutants. Plant Biol 1:85–98
John CF, Morris K, Jordan BR, Thomas B, A-H-Mackerness S (2001) Ultraviolet-B exposure leads to up-regulation of senescence-associated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 52:1367–1373
Kang JS, Kim SH, Hwang MS, Han SJ, Lee YC, Kim YJ (2001) The structural and functional organization of the yeast mediator complex. J Biol Chem 276:42003–42010
Kidd BN, Edgar CI, Kumar KK, Aitken EA, Schenk PM, Manners JM, Kazan K (2009) The mediator complex subunit PFT1 is a key regulator of jasmonate-dependent defense in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 21:2237–2252
Kidd BN, Cahill DM, Manners JM, Schenk PM, Kazan K (2011) Diverse roles of the Mediator complex in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 22:741–748
Kim YJ, Björklund S, Li Y, Sayre MH, Kornberg RD (1994) A multiprotein mediator of transcriptional activation and its interaction with the C-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II. Cell 77:599–608
Klose C, Buche C, Fernandez AP, Schafer E, Zwick E, Kretsch T (2012) The Mediator complex subunit PFT1 interferes with COP1 and HY5 in the regulation of Arabidopsis light-signaling. Plant Physiol 160:289–307
Kornberg RD (2005) Mediator and the mechanism of transcriptional activation. Trends Biochem Sci 30:235–239
Lai Z, Schluttenhofer CM, Bhide K, Shreve J, Thimmapuram J, Lee SY, Yun JD, Mengiste T (2014) MED18 interaction with distinct transcription factors regulates multiple plant functions. Nat Commun 5:3064
Liu G, Ji Y, Bhuiyan NH, Pilot G, Selvaraj G, Zou J, Wei Y (2010) Amino acid homeostasis modulates salicylic acid-associated redox status and defense responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 22:3845–3863
Mathur S, Vyas S, Kapoor S, Tyagi AK (2011) The Mediator complex in plants: structure, phylogeny, and expression profiling of representative genes in a dicot (Arabidopsis) and a monocot (rice) during reproduction and abiotic stress. Plant Physiol 157:1609–1627
Meyer Y, Belini C, Delorme-Hinoux V, Reichheld JP, Riondet C (2012) Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in plants: molecular mechanisms, crosstalks, and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 7:1124–1160
Miller JD, Arteca RN, Pell EJ (1999) Senescence-associated gene expression during ozone-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 120:1015–1024
Mou Z, Fan W, Dong X (2003) Inducers of plant systemic acquired resistance regulates NPR1 function through redox changes. Cell 113:935–944
Navabpour S, Morris K, Allen R, Harrison E, A-H-Mackerness S, Buchanan-Wollaston V (2003) Expression of senescence-enhanced genes in response to oxidative stress. J Exp Bot 54:2285–2292
Porra RJ, Thompson WA, Kriedemann PE (1989) Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophyll a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 975:384–394
Rouhier N (2010) Plant glutaredoxins: pivotal players in redox biology and iron-sulphur centre assembly. New Phytol 186:365–372
Shaikhali J, Davoine C, Brännström K, Rouhier N, Bygdell J, Björklund S, Wingsle G (2015) Biochemical and redox characterization of the Mediator complex and its associated transcription factor GeBPL, a GLABROUS1 enhancer binding protein. Biochem J 468:385–400. doi:10.1042/BJ20150132
Shin R, Schachtman DP (2004) Hydrogen peroxide mediates plant root cell response to nutrient deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:8827–8832
Šimonovicová M, Huttova J, Mistrík I, Široká B, Tamas L (2004) Peroxidase mediated hydrogen peroxide production in barley roots grown under stress conditions. Plant Growth Regul 44:267–275
Sundaravelpandian K, Chandrika NN, Schmidt W (2013) PFT1, a transcriptional Mediator complex subunit, controls root hair differentiation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) distribution in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 197:151–161
Tada Y, Spoel SH, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K, Mou Z, Song J, Wang C, Zuo J, Dong X (2008) Plant immunity requires conformational changes of NPR1 via S-nitrosylation and thioredoxins. Science 321:952–956
Tsukagoshi H, Busch W, Benfey PN (2010) Transcriptional regulation of ROS controls transition from proliferation to differentiation in the root. Cell 143:606–616
Vanacke H, Sandalio LM, Jime A, Palma JM, Corpas FJ, Meseguer V, Gómez M, Sevilla F, Leterrier M, Foyer CH, del Rio LA (2006) Roles for redox regulation in leaf senescence of pea plants grown on different sources of nitrogen nutrition. J Exp Bot 57:1735–1745
Vogelmann K, Drechsel G, Bergler J, Subert C, Philippar K, Soll J, Engelmann JC, Engelsdorf T, Voll LM, Hoth S (2012) Early senescence and cell death in Arabidopsis saul1 mutants Involves the PAD4-dependent salicylic acid pathway. Plant Physiol 159:1477–1487
Woo HR, Kim JH, Nam HG, Lim PO (2004) The delayed leaf senescence mutants of Arabidopsis, ore1, ore3, and ore9 are tolerant to oxidative stress. Plant Cell Physiol 45:923–932
Xu R, Li Y (2011) Control of final organ size by Mediator complex subunit 25 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 138:4545–4554
Zhang X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Mou Z (2012) The Arabidopsis mediator complex subunit16 positively regulates salicylate-mediated systemic acquired resistance and jasmonate/ethylene-induced defense pathways. Plant Cell 24:4294–309
Zhang X, Yao J, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Mou Z (2013) The Arabidopsis Mediator complex subunits MED14/SWP and MED16/SFR6/IEN1 differentially regulate defense gene expression in plant immune responses. Plant J 75:484–497
Zheng Z, Guan H, Leal F, Grey PH, Oppenheimer DG (2013) Mediator subunit18 controls flowering time and floral organ identity in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 8:e53924
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Kemp foundation (GW, SB), Tryggers foundation (GW), the Berzelii Center (GW), the Swedish Cancer Society (SB), and the Swedish Research Council (SB).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Handling Editor: Bhumi Nath Tripathi
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shaikhali, J., Davoine, C., Björklund, S. et al. Redox regulation of the MED28 and MED32 mediator subunits is important for development and senescence. Protoplasma 253, 957–963 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0853-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0853-y