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The association between cigarette smoking and diabetic nephropathy in Chinese male patients

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Abstract

Aims

To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and the clinicopathological features and renal prognosis of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Methods

A total of 223 T2DM male patients with biopsy-proven DN who received follow-up for at least 1 year were recruited. The patients were divided into two groups based on smoking status: smoking group and non-smoking group. Clinicopathologic differences were analyzed between the two groups. In addition, smokers were divided into two groups of binary analysis based on smoking amounts and two groups of former smokers and current smokers, and subgroups analysis based on age and DR, respectively. The influence of smoking on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using logistic regression analysis and Cox regression on renal outcomes. Renal outcomes were defined by progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or doubling of serum creatinine (D-SCr) level.

Results

Compared with nonsmokers, smoking patients had more moderate decline eGFR (p = 0.032) and tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis (p = 0.033). The adjusted logistic regression analysis suggested cigarette smoking was negatively associated with more severe decline eGFR (p = 0.015), especially for patients with DR (p = 0.010) and patients of age ≤ 50 years (p = 0.012) in the subgroup analysis. In the prognosis analysis, no obvious significant risk factor was shown about smoking. Interestingly, it was observed that former smokers had lower levels of plasma glucose and triglycerides than current smokers (both p < 0.05), while smokers with small smoking amounts had lower levels of triglycerides than those with large smoking amounts (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking patients with T2DM and DN had more moderate decline eGFR, especially for DN patients with DR, and milder IFTA lesions, although an obviously significant risk factor was not shown about smoking for DN.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the grand from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81670662).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China

    Qianqian Han, Shanshan Wang, Junlin Zhang, Rui Zhang, Ruikun Guo, Yiting Wang, Hanyu Li & Fang Liu

  2. Division of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China

    Huan Xu

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  1. Qianqian Han
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  2. Shanshan Wang
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  3. Junlin Zhang
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  9. Fang Liu
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Correspondence to Fang Liu.

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Ethical approval

The ethics committee of West China Hospital approved this research. The study protocol was in compliance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

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Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.

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Han, Q., Wang, S., Zhang, J. et al. The association between cigarette smoking and diabetic nephropathy in Chinese male patients. Acta Diabetol 55, 1131–1141 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1197-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1197-9

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