Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anti-plasmodial, Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and safety profile of Maytenus senegalensis root bark extract on hepato-renal integrity in experimental animals

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Comparative Clinical Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Maytenus senegalensis is a plant with several medicinal claims in folk medicine. Methanol root extract of the plant was evaluated for antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and safety profile. Antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory (egg albumin induced paw edema), and analgesic (hot plate test) experiments were set up, each consisting of four (4) groups (A-D) of five mice each. Groups A–C of each experiment were treated with 2.0 ml/kg bw normal saline, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw of the extract according to the procedures. Chloroquine, acetyl salicylic, and aspirin respectively were used as the reference drugs. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 4-week administration of the extract to four groups of five rats each at oral daily doses of 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg bw, respectively. At 400 and 800 mg/kg bw, the extract caused 58.88% and 58.49% inhibition of parasitemia, and 51.92% and 54.66% inhibition of paw edema, respectively. The reaction time to the thermal stimuli increased (p < 0.05) with increased extract concentrations. All the doses of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased the concentration urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and white blood cell (WBC) count, while aspartate transaminases (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (HGB) compared well (p > 0.05) with their reference values. The extract alters some functional integrity of kidney, and thus caution should be exercised when using the extract for the above pharmacological activities or other oral remedy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All relevant data are presented in the manuscript.

Abbreviations

ALP:

alkaline phosphatase

ALT:

alanine aminotransferase

AST:

aspartate amino transferase

CRT:

creatinine

References

  • Ahmed AS, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN (2013) Evaluation of pharmacological activities, cytotoxicity and phenolic composition of four Maytenus species used in southern African traditional medicine to treat intestinal infections and diarrhoeal diseases. BMC Complement Altern Med 13:100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amom TT, Vershima AJ (2013) Phytochemical evaluation and antibacterial activity: a comparison of various extracts from some Nigerian trees. Peak J Med Plant Res1 2:13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, Morelli S, Lauro MR, Abdo S, Saija A, Tomaino A (2001) Phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of an extract of Anthurium versicolor leaves. J Nat Prod 64:1019–1023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badole S, Kotwal S (2015) Biochemical, hematological and histological changes in response to graded dose of extract of Equisetum Arvense in adult female Wistar rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 6(8):3321–3326

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett KE, Ganong WF (2012) Ganong's review of medical physiology. McGraw-Hill Medical, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels H, Bohmer M (1972) Kinetic determination of creatinine concentration. Clinical Chimica Acta 37:193–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir L, Shittu OK, Sani S, Busari MB, Adeniyi KA (2015a) African natural products with potential Antitrypanosoma properties: a review. Inter J Biochem Res Rev 7(2):45–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir L, Shittu OK, Busari MB, Sani S, Aisha MI (2015b) Safety evaluation of Giant African land snails (Archachatinamarginata) Haemolymph on hematological and biochemical parameters of albino rats. J Adva med Pharm Sci 3(3):122–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berinyuy EB, Lawal B, Olalekan AA, Olalekan AA, Yusuf AA, Sakpe S, Ossai PC (2015) Hematological status and organs/body-weight parameters in Wister rats during chronic administration of Cassia occidentalis. Inter Blood Res Rev 4(3):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borsuk OS, Masnaya NV, Sherstoboev EY, Isaykina NV, Kalinkina GI, Reihart DV (2011) Effects of drugs of plant origin on the development of the immune response. Bull Exp Biol Med 151(2):194–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dacie JV, Lewis SM (1991) Practical hematology, 7th edition Edingburgh edn. Churchill Livingston Inc, pp 34–55

  • El Tahir A, Ibrahim AM, Satti GM, Theander TG, Kharazmi A, Khalid SA (2014) The potential antileishmanial activity of some Sudanese medicinal plants. Phytother Res 12:576–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikanone CEO, Akinloye OA, Augbaja RN, Omotainse SO, Ajayi OL, shopein TM (2017) Effect of sub-acute exposure to bonny light crude oil on plasma biochemistry and liver histopathology of albino rat. Animal Res Inter 14(1):2652–2659

    Google Scholar 

  • Jigam AA, Akanya HO, Dauda BEN Ogbadoyi EO (2011) Antiplasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of crude Guiera senegalensis Gmel (Combretaceae) leaf extracts in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. J Pharmacog and Phyto 3(10):150–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Jigam AA, Samuel T, Oibiokpa FI (2012) Plasmodistatic, Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Effects of different fractions of Mormodica balsamina extracts in rodents. Asian J Biochem Pharma Res 4:2231–2560

    Google Scholar 

  • Jigam AA, Mahmood F, Lawal B (2017) Protective effects of crude and alkaloidal extracts of Tamarindus indica against acute inflammation andnociception in rats. J Acute Dis 6(2):78–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorge RM, Leite JP, Oliveira AB, Tagliati CA (2004) Evaluation of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities of the Maytenus family. J Ethnopharmacol 94:93–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Ossai PC, Shittu OK, Abubakar AN (2014) Evaluation of phytochemicals, proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional compositions of yam Peel, maize chaff and bean coat. Inter J Appl Biol Res 6(2):01–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Kabiru AY, Jigam AA, Umar MB, Berinyuy EB, Alozieuwa BU (2015a) Potential antimalarials from African natural products: a review. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 4(4):318–343

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Abubakar AN, Haruna GM, Sani S, Ossai PC (2015b) Haematopoetic effect of methanol extract of Nigerian honey bee (Apis mellifera) Propolis in mice. J Coast Life Med 3(8):648–651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Rotimi AA, Olalekan AA, Kamooru AA, Ossai PC (2015c) Effect of methanol extract of Telfairia occcidentalis on Haematological parameters in Wister rats. J Med Sci 15(5):246–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Oibiokpa IF, Mohammed H, Umar SI, Haruna GM (2016) Antimicrobial evaluation, acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Allium sativum. J Acute Dis 5(4):296–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Inje, OF, Berinyuy EB, Muhammed H (2017) Potential antioxidants and Hepatoprotectives from African natural products: a review. Clin Phytosci 2(23):1–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Abubakar A, Kabiru AY (2018) Human genetic markers and structural prediction of Plasmodium Falciparum multi-drug resistance gene (Pfmdr1) for ligand binding in pregnant women attending general hospital Minna. J Envir public health 2018:1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorke D (1983) A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 54:275–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malebo HM, Tanja W, Cal M, Swaleh SM, Omolo MO, Hassanali A (2009) Antiplasmodial, anti-trypanosomal, anti-leishmanial and cytotoxicity activity of selected Tanzanian medicinal plants. Tanzan J Health Res 11:226–234

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malebo HM, Wiketye SJK, Nteghenjwa AK, Vitus AN, Calister PI, John WO, Richard S, Paulo PM, Julius JM, Mammuya B et al (2015) In vivo antiplasmodial and toxicological effect of Maytenus senegalensis traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Tanzania. Mal J 14:79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohiuddin M, Dewan SMD, Das A, Sarwar SM (2018) Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Ethanolic extract of Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth (family: Fabaceae) leaves in experimental animal. J Appl Life Scie Inter 17(4):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostafa M, Appidi JR, Yakubu MT, Afolayan AJ (2010) Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of Clematis brachiata leaf in male rats. Pharm Biol 48:6–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murjanatu AA, Musa KY, Ibrahim G, Magaji MG (2015) Toxicity and analgesic studies of leaf methanolic extract of Maytenus senegalensis (lam.) Exell (Celastraceae). Int J Med Invest 4(2):241–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nwaka AC, Ikechi-Agba MC, Okechukwu PCU, Igwenyi IO, Agbafor KN, Orji OU (2015) The effects of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas on some hematological parameters of chloroform intoxicated rats. Amer-Eur J Sci Res 10(1):45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitman S, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanogo R, Maiga A, Diallo D (2006) Activités analgesique et anti-inflammatoire des extraits de Maytenus senegalensis, Stereospermum kuntrianum et Trichilia emetica utilisés dans le traitement traditionnel des dysmenorrhées au Mali. Pharm Med Trad Afr 14:123–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Shittu OK, Lawal B, Blessing Uchenna AB, Haruna GM, Abubakar AN, Berinyuy EB (2015) Alteration in biochemical indices following chronic Administration of Methanolic Extract of Nigeria bee Propolis in Wister rats. Asian Pac J trop dis 5(8):654–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shittu OK, Lawal B, Adeniyi AK, Kilani LT, Saka RB (2017) Effect of methanol extract of Musca domestica larva on some enzymes and Haematological parameters in Trypanosoma brucei brucei - infected rats. Nig J Basic Appl Sc 25(2):66–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva G, Taniça M, Rocha J, Serrano R, Gomes ET, Sepodes B, Silva O (2010) In vivo anti-inflammatory effect and toxicological screening of Maytenus heterophylla and Maytenus senegalensis extracts. Hum exp tox 23(7):693–700

    Google Scholar 

  • da Silva G, Serrano R, Silva O (2011) Maytenus heterophylla and Maytenus senegalensis, two traditional herbal medicines. J Nat Sc Biol Med 2:59–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sofowora A (1993) Medical plants and traditional medicine in Africa, (2nd ed.) edn. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York, pp 97–145

  • Sosa S, Morelli C, Tubaro A, Cairoli P, Speranza G, Manitto P (2007) Anti-inflammatory activity of Maytenus senegalensis root extracts and of Maytenoic acid. Phytomedicine 14:109–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tietz NW (1995) Clinical guide to laboratory tests, 3rd edn. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, pp 286–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Toiu A, Mocan A, Vlase L, Pârvu AE, Vodnar AC, Gheldiu AM, Moldovan C, Oniga I (2018) Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of traditionally used Romanian Ajuga laxmannii (Murray) Benth. (“Nobleman’s beard” – Barba Împa˘ ratului). Front Pharmacol 9(7):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Trease GE, Evans WC (1989) Pharmacology, 12th edn. Bailliere Tindal, New York, pp 683–685

  • Tsado NA, Lawal B, Santali ES, Mohammed AS, Balarabe MM, Ibrahim HA, George JJ (2015) Phytochemicals and acute toxicity profile of aqueous and Methanolic extracts of Crateva adansonii leaves in Swiss albino rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Asian J Bioch 10(4):173–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veniamin MP, Varkirtzi C (1970) Chemical basis of the carbamidodi-acetyl micro-method for estimation of urea, citrulline and carbamyl derivatives. Clin Chem 16:3–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GV (1962) Carrageenin induced oedema in hindpaw of rats as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 3:544–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2016) Global technical Strategy for malaria elimination in the in endemic countries (2016–2030). World Health Organization Malaria Report, Manila

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2018) This year’s malaria report at glance. World Malaria Report. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/. Accessed 19 Nov 2018

  • Wright P, Leathwood P, Plummer D (1972) Enzymes in rat urine: alkaline phosphatase. Enzymologia 42(4):317–327

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT (2015) Aphrodisiac potentials of the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis (schweinf. Ex. hiern) stem in male albino rats. Asian J of Androl 7:399–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf AA, Lawal B, Yusuf MA, Omonije YO, Adejoke AA, Raji FH, Wenawo DL (2018a) Free radical scavenging, antimicrobial activities and effect of sub-acute exposure to Nigerian Xylopia Aethiopica seed extract on liver and kidney functional indices of albino rat. Iran J toxicol 12(3):51–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf AA, Lawal B, Abubakar AN, Berinyuy EB, Omonije YO, Umar SI (2018b) In-vitro antioxidants, antimicrobial and toxicological evaluation of Nigerian Zingiber officinale. Clin Phyto 4(12):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Zangueu CB, Olounlade AP, Ossokomack M, Djouatsa YND, Alowanou GG, Azebaze AGB (2018) In vitro effects of aqueous extract from Maytenus senegalensis (lam.) Exell stem bark on egg hatching, larval migration and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus. BMC Vet Res 14:147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zilva JF, Panmall PR, Mayne PD (1991) clinical chemistry in diagnosis and treatment, 5th edn. England Clays Ltd. St. Ives Plc, England

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by Research grant to Prof Ali Audu Jigam et al. 2019 (TETFUND/FUTMINNA/2016-2017/6TH BRP/17)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Nigeria

    Sheriff I. Umar

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

    Muhammad Ndako, Ali A. Jigam, Sherifat F. Adefolalu & Bashir Lawal

  3. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

    Gabriel F. Ibikunle

Authors
  1. Sheriff I. Umar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Ndako
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali A. Jigam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sherifat F. Adefolalu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gabriel F. Ibikunle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bashir Lawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

This work is a collaboration of all the authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bashir Lawal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The principles governing the use of laboratory animals as laid out by the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Committee on Ethics for Medical and Scientific Research and also existing internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as contained in the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines and Protocol Review were duly observed.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Umar, S.I., Ndako, M., Jigam, A.A. et al. Anti-plasmodial, Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and safety profile of Maytenus senegalensis root bark extract on hepato-renal integrity in experimental animals. Comp Clin Pathol 28, 1571–1579 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02965-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02965-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation