Abstract
Bone marrow responses have been identified as key determinants of trypanotolerance in cattle as they determine the ability for hemopoietic cell regeneration and control of anemia. However, not much is known about such responses in Nigerian breed of goats known to show different susceptibilities to trypanosome infections. Early bone marrow events associated with pathogenesis of Sokoto Red goats to Trypanosoma vivax were investigated in six goats to assess their role in susceptibility of this goat breed to trypanosomiasis. A total of six Sokoto Red goats of mixed sexes were used. While four of the goats randomly selected were infected with Trypanosoma vivax, the remaining two served as control. The parameters examined included packed cell volume (PCV) and differential bone marrow cytology. Cytological changes in the bone marrow of goats with acute trypanosomosis were compared to the controls. T. vivax caused an acute disease course in the goats resulting to mild drop in PCV and death 2–3 weeks post infection (PI). Associated bone marrow (BM) cytological changes were characterized by moderate erythroid hyperplasia with a resultant lower myeloid:erythroid (M:E) ratio, while the granulocytic maturation rate was 3.15 ± 0.6 and 2.42 ± 0.0 for infected and control animals, respectively. However, significant macrophage (MC) numbers (hyperplasia) were detected in the BM of the infected group. Most of the MCs phagocytized mature red blood cells (RBC) and band or mature white blood cells (WBC) only while no MC phagocytized immature cells. The MCs in BM of control goats phagocytized no blood cells. The study confirmed that mature blood cells form the first cell types to be phagocytized by MCs of BM in the pathogenesis of anemia in T. vivax-infected Sokoto Red goats while early onset of MC hyperplasia and erythrophagocytosis are indicators of susceptibility to trypanosomosis in this breed of goats and perhaps other susceptible ruminants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abenga JN (1997) Haematological and biochemical studies on green (vervet) monkeys infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. M. V. Sc. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abenga JN (2015) Effect of flooding on trypanosome infection rates in trade cattle at central abattoir, Makurdi metropolis, Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Annals of Research and Reviews in. Biology 8(5):1–6
Abenga JN, Samdi SM, Fajinmi FO, Kajgo AM (2017) Comparative bone marrow responses of albino rats experimentally infected with single and mixed species of Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei and ability to control anemia. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol 18(2):124–128. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v18i2.11
Adamu UO, Haruna MK, Ovbagbedia RP, Bizi R, Benjamin W, Malala UA, Enwezor FNC, Mohammed M (2011) Control of African trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: time to strengthen integrated approaches. Int J Anim Vet Adv 3(3):138–143
Anosa VO (1988a) Haematological and biochemical changes in human and animal trypanosomiasis part I. Revue Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 41:65–78
Anosa VO (1988b) Haematological and biochemical changes in human and animal trypanosomiasis part II. Revue Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 41:151–164
Anosa VO (1999) Bone marrow functions and pathology in trypanosomiasis in: Organization of African Unity/Scientific Technical and Research Commission Publication No. 119 Pp 298–300
Anosa VO, Logan-Henfrey LL, Shaw MK (1992) A light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute hemorrhagic Trypanosoma vivax infected in calves. Vet Pathol 23:33–45
Anosa VO, Logan-Henfrey LL, Wells CW (1997a) The haematological of Trypanosoma congolene infection in cattle I. Sequential cytomorphological changes in the blood and bone marrow of Boran cattle. Comp Haematol Int 7:14–22
Anosa VO, Logan-Henfrey LL, Wells CW (1997b) The haematological of Trypanosoma congolene infection in cattle II. Macrophage structure and function in the bone marrow of Boran cattle. Comp Haematol Int 7:23–29
Anyaegbunam LC, Okafor OJ (2013) Trypanosomiasis in Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf goats at Ikpa abattoir, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria. J Ent Zool St 1(5):29–39
Cadioli FA, Barnabe PA, Machado RZ, Teixeria MCA, Andre MR, Sampaio PH, Junior OLF, Tiexeria MMG, Marques LG (2012) First report of Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in dairy cattle in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Revista Brasil Parasitol Vet 21(2):118–124. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000200009
Dacie JV, Lewis SM (1984) Practical haematology, 6th edn. Edinburgh, Churchillis Livingstone
Gimba UN (2015) Studies on the endemicity of pathogenic trypanosomes: an implication for human trypanosomiasis control in Gwagwalada town, FCT, Abuja. Biol Sci 2(12):29–39
Ikegwuonu NC (2013) Goat keeping as an enterprise: training pamphlet. Small Holder Foundation, Owerri
Jones TW, Davila AMR (2001) Trypanosoma vivax—out of Africa. (Review). Trends Parasitol 17(2):99–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01777-3
Kelly WR (1979) Veterinary clinical diagnosis, 2nd edn. Bailliere Tindall, London
Logan-Henfrey LL, Anosa VO, Wells CW (1999) The role of bone marrow in bovine trypanotolerance. I. Changes in blood and bone marrow in Trypanosoma congolense infected cattle. Com Haematol Int 9:198–207
Lumsden WHR, Herbet WJ, M’Neillage GJC (1973) Technique with trypanosomes. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh and London
Nuru S (1984) Paper 1: livestock research in Nigerian sub-humid zone. Proceedings of the second ILCA/NAPRI symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 29th October – 2nd November, 1984. Eds. R. von Kaufmann, S. Chater and R. Blauch, International Livestock Center for Africa, Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia
Omotainse SO, Edeghere H, Omoogun GA, Elhassan EO, Thompson GA, Igweh AC, Ukah JCA, Ikenga MA, Halid I (2000) The prevalence of animal trypanosomosis in Konshisha Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Israel J Vet Med 55(4):142–144
Onyiah JA (1997) African animal trypanosomes: an overview of current status in Nigeria. Trop Vet 15:111–116
Otuma MO (2005) Evaluation of different crossbreeding programmes, season and sex on breed weight and linear traits of Nigerian goats. J Agric Food Environ Ext 4:35–37
Silva RAMS, Ramires L, Souza SS, Ortiz AG, Pereira SR, Davila AMR (1999) An outbreak of Trypanosoma vivax infection in a dairy herd in the Pantanal, Brazil. Revue Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 52:35–38
Stijlemans B, Vankrunkelsven A, Caljon G, Bockstal V, Guilliams M, Bosschaerts T, Beschin A, Raes G, Magez S, Baetselier PD. (2010) The central role of macrophages in trypanosomiasis-associated anemia: rationale for therapeautical approaches. Endocrine, Metab Imm Disorders-Drug Targets, 10: 000–000
Swallow BM (2000) Impacts of trypanosomosis on African Agriculture. PAAT Technical and Scientific series, vol. 2. FAO, Rome
Yusuf OS, Oseni BS, Olayanju AO, Hassan MA, Adewosun AA, Akele RY (2013) Acute and chronic effects of T. brucei brucei experimental infections on bone marrow and peripheral bleed cells in Wistar rats. Sch. J Appl Med Sci 1(6):1036–1040
Acknowledgements
Technical support was provided by staff of the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Department of Animal African Trypanosomiasis Research while Mallam Abubakar Yahaya took care of the animals.
Funding
This work was funded by the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abenga, J., Idowu, T. Packed cell volume and bone marrow cytological responses in Trypanosoma vivax-induced acute trypanosomosis in Nigerian Sokoto Red goats. Comp Clin Pathol 27, 455–460 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2613-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2613-1