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The Last Appearance Datum of Hipparion in Western Europe: magnetostratigraphy along the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary in the Villarroya Basin (Northern Spain)

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Abstract

The Villarroya Basin in Northern Spain contains one of the classic Villafranchian localities of Europe and allows about 100 m of sediments to be explored by magnetostratigraphic techniques. Besides, the occurrence of some other macro- and micro-mammifera fossils becomes Villarroya in one of the most important Villafranchian localities of Southern Europe. Therefore, we have sampled two sections (one contains the classic locality) to shed some light on its chronostratigraphy. Detailed stepwise demagnetization has revealed primary and reliable directions (carried by magnetite and hematite) in more than 250 samples and allows us building a robust local polarity scale. The correlation with the geologic time scale locates the local sequence along the Gauss and Matuyama chrons. A Réunion chron (C2r.1n) equivalent age (2.128–2.148 Ma) is here proposed for the Villarroya fossil locality since it is clearly located above the Gauss/Matuyama boundary (very well defined in the magnetostratigraphic section) and displays normal polarity. This correlation implies a new age assignment for the classic paleontological fossil locality of Villarroya and a Last Appearance Datum of Hipparion sensu lato in Western Europe significantly younger than previously established. Taking into account this new dating, the Hipparion and Equus horses could have coexisted in Europe up to the complete extinction of Hipparion in early Matuyama times.

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Acknowledgments

Research expenses were covered by the projects: CGL 2009-14214, PB97-0882-C03-02, CGL2004-00780/BTE of the Spanish Government and project E-28 of the Aragón Government, as well as a postdoctoral fellowship (Spanish Ministry of Science). Paleomagnetic measurements were conducted in several laboratories, which are gratefully acknowledged: Gams (Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria), Albuquerque (University of New Mexico, USA), Ann Arbor (University of Michigan, USA), Fairbanks (University of Alaska, USA), and Barcelona (Institut de Ciences de la Terra “Jaume Almera”-CSIC, Spain). Juan Cruz Larrasoaña, Cristóbal Rubio, Miguel Muñoz, Josep Antoni Rius, Clemente Jiménez, and José Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca offered us field assistance during the numerous sampling campaigns. Paleomagnetic data processing has been made using “Paldir” program from Utrecht Paleomagnetic Laboratory. Demagnetization file’s conversion was possible with the program “Makeutrecht” by Roberto Molina-Garza, who also made good improvements in the original manuscript. Stereographic projections were made using “Stereonet” program (4.5.9) of Richard Allmendinger to whom we are very grateful (Allmendinger et al. 2012; Cardozo and Allmendinger 2013). We would like to thank Beatriz Azanza and Maite Alberdi for interesting discussions on the biostratigraphy, and to Marian Álvarez-Sierra and the late Nieves López Martínez for facilitating access to the La Marmota 2 collections stored at the Department of Paleontology of the UCM. Finally, thoughtful and constructive comments by Valerian Bachtadse, Cor Langereis and Bet Beamud (in an earlier version) allowed us to improve the original manuscript during the reviewing process.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Unidad de Zaragoza, C/Manuel Lasala 44, 50006, Saragossa, Spain

    Emilio L. Pueyo

  2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Saragossa, Spain

    Arsenio Muñoz

  3. Museo Arqueológico Regional, P/Bernardas s/n, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

    César Laplana

  4. Geocronología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Paseo Sierra Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain

    Josep M. Parés

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  1. Emilio L. Pueyo
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Pueyo, E.L., Muñoz, A., Laplana, C. et al. The Last Appearance Datum of Hipparion in Western Europe: magnetostratigraphy along the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary in the Villarroya Basin (Northern Spain). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 2203–2220 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1281-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1281-0

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