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Effects of Tongue Exercise Frequency on Tongue Muscle Biology and Swallowing Physiology in a Rat Model

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Abstract

Age-related changes in muscle composition and function are often treated using exercise, including muscles of the tongue to treat swallowing impairments (dysphagia). Although tongue exercise is commonly prescribed, optimal tongue exercise doses have not been determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of varying tongue exercise frequency on tongue force, genioglossus muscle fiber size, composition and metabolism, and swallowing in a rat model. We randomized 41 old and 40 young adult Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats into one of four tongue exercise groups: 5 days/week; 3 days/week; 1 day/week; or sham. Tongue force was higher following all exercise conditions (vs sham); the 5 day/week group had the greatest change in tongue force (p < 0.001). There were no exercise effects on genioglossus (GG) fiber size or MyHC composition (p > 0.05). Significant main effects for age showed a greater proportion of Type I fibers in (p < 0.0001) and increased fiber size of IIa fibers (p = 0.026) in old. There were no significant effects of citrate synthase activity or PGC-1α expression. Significant differences were found in bolus speed and area (size), but findings were potentially influenced by variability. Our findings suggest that tongue force is influenced by exercise frequency; however, these changes were not reflected in characteristics of the GG muscle assayed in this study. Informed by findings of this study, future work in tongue dose optimization will be required to provide better scientific premise for clinical treatments in humans.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIH Grants 1F31AG059351-01, R01DC018071, R01DC008149, R01DC014358, R37CA225608. This manuscript was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral dissertation of the first author, BNK. The authors would like to acknowledge the help of Dr. John Russell during animal tissue harvest, Jared Cullen for his help in coordination of animal training, Drs. Heidi Kletzien. Tiffany Glass, and Miranda Cullins for their encouragement and support in the learning of these assays. The first author would like to thank and recognize her dissertation committee members for their valuable contributions to her training and feedback on this manuscript: Drs. Nicole Rogus-Pulia, Michelle R Ciucci, Gary Diffee, Catriona Steele, and Timothy McCulloch; and Dr. Glen Leverson for his statistical mentorship throughout her dissertation work.

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  1. Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Goodnight Hall, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Brittany N. Krekeler, Jacqueline M. Weycker & Nadine P. Connor

  2. Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA

    Brittany N. Krekeler, Jacqueline M. Weycker & Nadine P. Connor

  3. Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Swallowing Cross-Systems Collaborative, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Brittany N. Krekeler

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Krekeler, B.N., Weycker, J.M. & Connor, N.P. Effects of Tongue Exercise Frequency on Tongue Muscle Biology and Swallowing Physiology in a Rat Model. Dysphagia 35, 918–934 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10105-2

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