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Detecting grizzly bear use of ungulate carcasses using global positioning system telemetry and activity data

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Abstract

Global positioning system (GPS) wildlife collars have revolutionized wildlife research. Studies of predation by free-ranging carnivores have particularly benefited from the application of location clustering algorithms to determine when and where predation events occur. These studies have changed our understanding of large carnivore behavior, but the gains have concentrated on obligate carnivores. Facultative carnivores, such as grizzly/brown bears (Ursus arctos), exhibit a variety of behaviors that can lead to the formation of GPS clusters. We combined clustering techniques with field site investigations of grizzly bear GPS locations (n = 732 site investigations; 2004–2011) to produce 174 GPS clusters where documented behavior was partitioned into five classes (large-biomass carcass, small-biomass carcass, old carcass, non-carcass activity, and resting). We used multinomial logistic regression to predict the probability of clusters belonging to each class. Two cross-validation methods—leaving out individual clusters, or leaving out individual bears—showed that correct prediction of bear visitation to large-biomass carcasses was 78–88 %, whereas the false-positive rate was 18–24 %. As a case study, we applied our predictive model to a GPS data set of 266 bear-years in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (2002–2011) and examined trends in carcass visitation during fall hyperphagia (September–October). We identified 1997 spatial GPS clusters, of which 347 were predicted to be large-biomass carcasses. We used the clustered data to develop a carcass visitation index, which varied annually, but more than doubled during the study period. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness and utility of identifying GPS clusters associated with carcass visitation by a facultative carnivore.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the many field personnel from member agencies of the IGBST who contributed to the collection of grizzly bear data used in these analyses. Member agencies include the Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center of the US Geological Survey; Wyoming Game and Fish Department; Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks; Idaho Fish and Game; National Park Service; US Forest Service; US Fish and Wildlife Service; and the Wind River Fish and Game of the Shoshone and Arapaho Tribes. We thank N. Counsell, J. Erlenbach, R. Fitzpatrick, A. Gannick, J. Lewis, S. McKenzie, K. Miller, R. Mowry, K. Quinton, G. Rasmussen, C. Rumble, C. Wickhem, L. Frattaroli, K. Wilmot, S. Dewey, J. Stephenson, and G. Wilson for assistance with site visit data from Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. We thank M. Proctor for his review as part of the US Geological Survey Fundamental Science Practices and two anonymous reviewers whose comments substantially improved the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

Author contribution statement

M. A. H. originally formulated the research questions; M. R. E., M. A. H., F. V. M. developed methodology; D. D. B., D. J. T., K. A. G., J. K. F., J. E. T., and S. R. P. collected field data; M. R. E., M. A. H., F. V. M., and C. M. C. wrote the manuscript. Other authors provided editorial advice.

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Author notes

  1. Jennifer K. Fortin

    Present address: College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, University Hall, Room 309, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA

  2. Michael R. Ebinger

    Present address: Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, 2327 University Way, Suite 2, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA

  3. Cecily M. Costello

    Present address: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 490 N. Meridian Road, Kalispell, MT, 59901, USA

  4. Shannon R. Pils

    Present address: Shoshone National Forest, US Forest Service, Wapiti Ranger District, 203A Yellowstone Avenue, Cody, WY, 82414, USA

  5. Steven L. Cain

    Present address: Grand Teton National Park Foundation, P.O. Box 249, Moose, WY, 83012, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, University Hall, Room 309, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA

    Michael R. Ebinger & Cecily M. Costello

  2. Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, 2327 University Way, Suite 2, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA

    Mark A. Haroldson, Frank T. van Manen, Shannon R. Pils & Paul C. Cross

  3. Department of Ecology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173460, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA

    Michael R. Ebinger

  4. Large Carnivore Section, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 260 Buena Vista, Lander, WY, 82520, USA

    Daniel D. Bjornlie & Daniel J. Thompson

  5. Bear Management Office, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY, 82190, USA

    Kerry A. Gunther

  6. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164–4236, USA

    Jennifer K. Fortin & Justin E. Teisberg

  7. Grizzly Bear Recovery Program, US Fish and Wildlife Service, 385 Fish Hatchery Road, Libby, MT, 59923, USA

    Justin E. Teisberg

  8. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY, 82190, USA

    P. J. White

  9. Grand Teton National Park, P.O. Box 170, Moose, WY, 83012, USA

    Steven L. Cain

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  1. Michael R. Ebinger
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  2. Mark A. Haroldson
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Correspondence to Michael R. Ebinger.

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Funding

This study was funded in part by the National Park Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the US Geological survey.

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Communicated by Andreas Zedrosser.

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Ebinger, M.R., Haroldson, M.A., van Manen, F.T. et al. Detecting grizzly bear use of ungulate carcasses using global positioning system telemetry and activity data. Oecologia 181, 695–708 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3594-5

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