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Gene transcript and metabolite profiling of elicitor-induced opium poppy cell cultures reveals the coordinate regulation of primary and secondary metabolism

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Abstract

Elicitor-induced sanguinarine accumulation in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) cell cultures provides a responsive model system to profile modulations in gene transcripts and metabolites related to alkaloid biosynthesis. An annotated expressed sequence tag (EST) database was assembled from 10,224 random clones isolated from an elicitor-treated opium poppy cell culture cDNA library. The most abundant ESTs encoded defense proteins, and enzymes involved in alkaloid metabolism and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyl transfer. ESTs corresponding to 40 enzymes involved in the conversion of sucrose to sanguinarine were identified. A corresponding DNA microarray was probed with RNA from cell cultures collected at various time-points after elicitor treatment, and compared with RNA from control cells. Several diverse transcript populations were coordinately induced, with alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme and defense protein transcripts displaying the most rapid and substantial increases. In addition to all known sanguinarine biosynthetic gene transcripts, mRNAs encoding several upstream primary metabolic enzymes were coordinately induced. Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the metabolite profiles of control and elicitor-treated cell cultures. Principle component analysis revealed a significant and dynamic separation in the metabolome, represented by 992 independent detected analytes, in response to elicitor treatment. Identified metabolites included sanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine, and the methoxylated derivatives dihydrochelirubine and chelirubine, and the alkaloid pathway intermediates N-methylcoclaurine, N-methylstylopine, and protopine. Some of the detected analytes showed temporal changes in abundance consistent with modulations in the profiles of alkaloid biosynthetic gene transcripts.

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Acknowledgments

Access to the reported transcript and metabolite databases is available from PJF. We thank Warick Dunn for helpful comments on metabolite profiling and Jillian Hagel for assistance with the verification of EST annotations. PJF holds the Canada Research Chair in Plant Biotechnology. This work was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Strategic Grant to PJF.

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  1. Timothy E. Daskalchuk

    Present address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N OX2, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Katherine G. Zulak & Peter J. Facchini

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E9, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Anthony Cornish & Michael K. Deyholos

  3. Phenomenome Discoveries, Inc., 204-407 Downey Road, S7N 4L8, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Timothy E. Daskalchuk & Dayan B. Goodenowe

  4. Sun Centre for Visual Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Paul M. K. Gordon & Christoph W. Sensen

  5. Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, S7N 0W9, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Darren Klassen & Lawrence E. Pelcher

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Appendix: Genbank accession numbers

EB740724 (sucrose synthase); EB740725 (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase); EB740726 (phosphoglucose isomerase); EB740727 (phosphogluconate dehydrogenase); EB740728 (transketolase); EB740729 (transaldolase); EB740730 (fructose bisphosphate aldolase); EB740731 (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase); EB740732 (phosphoglycerate kinase); EB740733 (phosphoglycerate mutase); EB740734 (enolase); EB740735 (DAHP synthase); EB740736 (dehydroquinate synthase); EB740737 (3-dehydroquinate dehydratase); EB740738 (shikimate kinase); EB740739 (EPSP synthase); EB740740 (chorismate synthase); EB740741 (GOGAT); EB740742 (glutamine synthase); EB740743 (arogenate dehydratase); EB740744 (arogenate dehydrogenase); EB740745 (3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase); EB740746 (phosphoserine aminotransferase); EB740747 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase); EB740748 (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase); EB740749 (methionine synthase); EB740750 (ATP synthase); EB740751 (adenylate kinase); EB740752 (adenosine kinase); EB740753 (adenosylhomocysteinase); EB740754 (SAM synthetase); EB740755 (tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase 1); EB740756 (tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase 3); EB740757 (norcoclaurine synthase); EB740758 (norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase); EB740759 (coclaurine N-methyltransferase); EB740760 (N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase, P450 dependent); EB740761 (cytochrome c reductase); EB740762 (3′-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4′-O-methyltransferase); EB740763 (berberine bridge enzyme); EB740764 (tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase); EB740765 (salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase); EB740766 (codeinone reductase 2); EB740767 (phenylalanine ammonia lyase); EB740768 (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase); EB740769 (4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase); EB740770 (actin).

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Zulak, K.G., Cornish, A., Daskalchuk, T.E. et al. Gene transcript and metabolite profiling of elicitor-induced opium poppy cell cultures reveals the coordinate regulation of primary and secondary metabolism. Planta 225, 1085–1106 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-006-0419-5

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