Abstract
Purpose
This study investigated the effects of both an active warm-up and the time-of-day variation on repeated-sprint performance. A second objective was to compare the post-exercise recovery between the experimental conditions.
Methods
Eleven male participants performed ten maximal cycling sprints (6 s each, with a 30-s interval between them) in the morning and late afternoon, either after a warm-up or control condition. The warm-up consisted of cycling for 10 min at 50% of the peak aerobic power.
Results
Rest measurements of rectal, muscle, and skin temperatures were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in heart rate (p = 0.079) and blood lactate concentration (p = 0.300). Warm-up increased muscle temperature, heart rate, and lactate, and reduced skin temperature (all p < 0.001), though no significant differences were observed for rectal temperature (p = 0.410). The number of revolutions (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.375), peak (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.375), and mean (p = 0.037, ηp2 = 0.365) power of the first sprint (not the average of ten sprints) were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning, regardless of warm-up. However, beneficial performance effects of warming up were evident for the first (p < 0.001) and the average of ten sprints (p < 0.05), regardless of time of day. More remarkable changes during the 60-min post-exercise were observed for rectal temperature (p = 0.005) and heart rate (p = 0.010) in the afternoon than in the morning.
Conclusion
Warming-up and time-of-day effects in enhancing muscular power are independent. Although warm-up ensured further beneficial effects on performance than the time-of-day variation, a faster post-exercise recovery was observed in the late afternoon.
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Availability of data and material
All data are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- ES:
-
Effect size
- PAR-Q:
-
Physical activity readiness questionnaire
- RPE:
-
Rating of perceived exertion
- VO2max :
-
Maximum rate of oxygen consumption
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Acknowledgements
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. AAL, YATM, FLTS, and CETC were the recipients of post-graduate fellowships from CAPES, whereas KNOG is the recipient of a post-doctoral fellowship from CAPES (grant number 88887.695302/2022-00). The authors also thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG/Brazil) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil; grant number 315199/2021–0) for providing financial support to this study.
Funding
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Finance Code 001, Adriano A. L. Carmo, Finance Code 001, Karine N. O. Goulart, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Finance Code 001, Gabriela C. F. Santos, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, 315199/2021–0, Samuel Penna Wanner.
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AALC, LSP, DDS, MTM, TTM, ES-G, and SPW conceived and designed research. AALC, CETC, YATM, GCFS, and FLTS conducted experiments. AALC, KNOG, TTM, and SPW analyzed data. AALC, KNOG, TTM, ES-G, and SPW wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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The study was approved by the ethics committee of the local university (47193715.8.0000.5149) and was performed following the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
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Carmo, A.A.L., Goulart, K.N.O., Cabido, C.E.T. et al. Active warm-up and time-of-day effects on repeated-sprint performance and post-exercise recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 123, 49–64 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05051-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05051-w