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The effects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance exercise bout in trained older men

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Abstract

Myostatin decreases muscle mass and this is accomplished, in part, by inhibiting muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins (e.g. p21 and cdk2) and myogenic regulatory factors (e.g. myogenin and MyoD). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether protein ingestion before and after a resistance exercise (RE) bout affects myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression. Strength-trained middle-aged to older men were divided into a protein group (61.4 ± 4.3 years, n = 9) or a placebo group (62.1 ± 4.2 years, n = 9). Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were taken at rest and 1 and 48 h after a 5 × 10 repetition leg press RE bout. Protein (15 g whey) or non-caloric placebo was taken immediately before and after the RE bout. mRNA expression levels of myostatin and related genes (AcvrIIb, FLRG, p21, p27, cdk2, myogenin and MyoD) were determined by Taqman probe-based real-time RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH mRNA. Myostatin mRNA decreased after a RE bout, but only in the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, myostatin-binding protein FLRG and cell-cycle kinase cdk2 mRNA increased only in the protein group (P ≤ 0.05). p21 mRNA was increased at 1 h post-RE in placebo (P ≤ 0.05) and tended to be increased in the protein group (P = 0.08). Myostatin, its binding protein and cell cycle-related gene expressions are affected by single RE bout and these responses are further modified by whey protein intake. Therefore, controlling nutrition intake is important when studying gene expression responses to exercise.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Tuomas Kaasalainen, Tuovi Nykänen, Risto Puurtinen, and Aila Ollikainen for their help in data collection and analysis. We also thank the very dedicated group of subjects who made this project possible. We thank Härmä Food Ltd. for providing the drinks. Finnish Ministry of Education and the Finnish Cultural Foundation supported this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Juha J. Hulmi, Inna Lisko & Antti A. Mero

  2. Department of Health Sciences and Finnish Centre for Interdisciplinary Gerontology (FCIG), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Vuokko Kovanen

  3. LIKES Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Harri Selänne

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  1. Juha J. Hulmi
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  2. Vuokko Kovanen
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  3. Inna Lisko
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  4. Harri Selänne
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  5. Antti A. Mero
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Correspondence to Juha J. Hulmi.

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Hulmi, J.J., Kovanen, V., Lisko, I. et al. The effects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance exercise bout in trained older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 102, 205–213 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0579-4

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