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Comparison of treatment modalities for non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children

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Abstract

Purpose

We aim to compare the different treatment modalities of non-tuberculous cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children, by means of a retrospective study conducted in the University Hospitals of Leuven of patients treated between 2012 and 2022.

Methods

For this retrospective cohort study, data were collected and pseudonimised from 52 patients with non-tuberculous cervicofacial lymphadenitis, who were treated in our hospital between January 2012 and December 2022, either conservatively, antibiotically, surgically, or with a combination of these options.

We only included patients who were considered immunocompetent. All of the included patients were below 10 years at time of treatment. We collected data regarding time to resolution and adverse effects, i.e., skin discoloration, excessive scar formation, fistula formation, persistence of adenopathies after treatment, need for additional treatment, facial nerve paresis/paralysis, or systemic side-effects due to antibiotic treatment.

Results

The mean time to resolution (in days) when looking at primary treatments, was shortest in partial excisions (16), followed by complete excisions (19), antibiotic therapy (129), incision and drainage (153), curettage (240), and finally conservative management (280). Taking into account isolated treatments (i.e., both primary and adjuvant), we also observed consistently faster time to resolution in surgical and antibiotic treatments when compared to conservative treatment. Antibiotic therapy (p = 0.003), incision and drainage (p = 0,004) were associated with a significantly higher need for adjuvant treatment. Curettage was associated with a higher incidence of fistula formation (p = 0,006) and higher number of adjuvant treatments (p = 0,002).

Conclusions

This study shows a faster resolution of nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children when treated surgically, more specifically when treated with partial or complete lymph node excision. Antibiotic treatment also leads to faster resolution than conservative management. There was a low rate of complications, and no permanent facial nerve damage was reported.

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Funding

No funding was obtained for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UZ Leuven, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leuven, Belgium

    T. Mennes, V. Vander Poorten & G. Hens

  2. UZ Leuven, Department of Paediatrics, Leuven, Belgium

    F. Vermeulen

Authors
  1. T. Mennes
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  2. V. Vander Poorten
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  3. F. Vermeulen
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  4. G. Hens
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Mennes.

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The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Compliance with ethical standards was maintained. The Ethical Committee of KU Leuven granted favorable advice to conduct this study (Reference number: S67584). No studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors.

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Mennes, T., Vander Poorten, V., Vermeulen, F. et al. Comparison of treatment modalities for non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 281, 1463–1471 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-023-08376-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-023-08376-0

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