Skip to main content
Log in

Biventrikuläre Stimulation bei AV-Block

Biventricular stimulation for AV block

  • BEITRAG ZUM THEMENSCHWERPUNKT
  • Published:
Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since the establishment of cardiac resynchronization therapy in left bundle branch block and mechanical asynchrony, the adverse effects of right ventricular apical pacing have gained increasing scientific interest. The sequelae of “iatrogenic desynchronization” on cardiac structure and function as well as on patients' prognosis could be well documented. “Minimally desynchronizing” stimulation strategies could be an alternative for patients needing ventricular pacing. The search for hemodynamically more advantageous alternative right ventricular pacing sites has failed so far to deliver well validated results, and due to the somewhat higher lead dislodgment rates pure left ventricular pacing cannot be recommended, at least not in pacemaker-dependent patients. Hence there is the question for primary biventricular stimulation in patients with AV block. The results of several biventricular studies with limited numbers of patients have been promising with respect to structural and functional surrogate endpoints. Two major controlled prospective and prognostically orientated studies, the BIOPACE study and the BLOCK-HF study, are currently underway and will report results in the next few years. According to the actual guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) the implantation of a biventricular system is recommended in patients with AV block even without left bundle branch block (Class IIa, evidence level C) if they fulfill the remaining criteria that justify the implantation of a biventricular system. According to the guidelines for pacemaker therapy of the German Cardiac Society (GCS) biventricular pacing can be considered in these patients. Both societies do expressly permit the implantation of biventricular systems with ICD backup if indicated.

Zusammenfassung

Seit Etablierung der kardialen Resynchronisationstherapie bei Linksschenkelblock und mechanischer Asynchronie haben die ungünstigen Auswirkungen der apikalen rechtsventrikulären Stimulation bei Patienten mit AV-Block an wissenschaftlichem Interesse gewonnen. Die Folgen der „iatrogenen Desynchronisation“ auf die kardiale Struktur und Funktion sowie auf die Prognose der Patienten konnten gut belegt werden. Für Patienten mit hohem ventrikulären Stimulationsbedarf kommen als Alternative “minimal desynchronisierende” Stimulationsstrategien in Betracht. Die Suche nach hämodynamisch vorteilhafteren alternativen Stimulationsorten im rechten Ventrikel ist bisher ohne ausreichend validierten Erfolg geblieben und eine rein linksventrikuläre Stimulation kann wegen der höheren Sondendislokationsrate zumindest bei schrittmacherabhängigen Patienten nicht empfohlen werden. Somit stellt sich die Frage nach dem Aufwand und Nutzen einer primär biventrikulären Versorgung von Patienten mit AV-Block. Die Ergebnisse verschiedener Studien mit limitierten Patientenzahlen waren bzgl. struktureller und funktioneller Surrogat-Endpunkte bisher viel versprechend. Zwei größere kontrollierte prospektive Studien mit prognostischer Fragestellung, die BIOPACE-Studie und die BLOCK-HF-Studie, sind derzeit im Gang und werden in den nächsten Jahren berichten. In den aktuellen Leitlinien der European Society of Cardiology (ESC) wird bei Patienten mit AV-Block auch ohne Vorliegen eines Linksschenkelblocks die Implantation eines biventrikulären Systems empfohlen (Empfehlungsgrad II a, Evidenzniveau C), wenn sie die übrigen Kriterien erfüllen, die die Implantation eines biventrikulären Systems rechtfertigen. Nach den Leitlinien zur Herzschrittmachertherapie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie – Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK) kann die biventrikuläre Stimulation bei diesen Patienten erwogen werden. Beide Gesellschaften lassen ausdrücklich bei gegebener Indikation die Versorgung mit einem biventrikulären System mit Defibrillator-Backup zu.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  1. Baldasseroni S, De Biase L, Fresco C, Marchionni N, Marini M, Masotti G, Orsini G, Porcu M, Pozzar F, Scherillo M, Maggioni AP (2002) Cumulative effect of complete left bundlebranch block and chronic atrial fibrillation on 1-year mortality and hospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure. A report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure (in-CHF database). Eur Heart J 23:1692–1698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Baldasseroni S, Opasich C, Gorini M, Lucci D, Marchionni N, Marini M, Campana C, Perini G, Deorsola A, Masotti G, Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP (2002) Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 143:398–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Karpawich PP, Justice CD, Cavitt DL, Chang CH (1990) Developmental sequelae of fixed-rate ventricular pacing in the immature canine heart: an electrophysiologic, hemodynamic, and histopathologic evaluation. Am Heart J 119:1077–1083

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tse HF, Yu C, Wong KK, Tsang V, Leung YL, Ho WY, Lau CP (2002) Functional abnormalities in patients with permanent right ventricular pacing: the effect of sites of electrical stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1451–1458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, Kutalek SP, Sharma A (2002) Dualchamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA 288:3115–3123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Holman ER, van EL, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ (2006) Right ventricular pacing can induce ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1642–1648

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gillis AM, Purerfellner H, Israel CW, Sunthorn H, Kacet S, Nelli-Monti M, Tang F, Young M, Boriani G (2006) Reducing unnecessary right ventricular pacing with the managed ventricular pacing mode in patients with sinus node disease and AV block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29:697–705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Poulsen SH, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS, Egeblad H, Jensen HK, Mortensen PT (2006) AAI(R)-pacing prevents left ventricular desynchronization compared to DDD(R)-pacing. A randomized clinical controlled trial. Europace 8[Suppl 1]

  9. Manolis AS (2006) The deleterious consequences of right ventricular apical pacing: time to seek alternate site pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29:298–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sweeney MO, Shea JB, Fox V, Adler S, Nelson L, Mullen TJ, Belk P, Casavant D, Sheldon T (2004) Randomized pilot study of a new atrial-based minimal ventricular pacing mode in dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Heart Rhythm 1:160–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L (2005) The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352:1539–1549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Poulsen SH, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS, Egeblad H, Jensen HK, Mortensen PT (2008) A randomized clinical controlled trial comparing biventricular pacing versus DDD(R) pacing in 50 consecutive patients with high-grade AV-block. Europace 8[Suppl 1]

  13. Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Lellouche D, Fossati F, Anselme F, Davy J M, Sadoul N, Klug D, Mollo L, Daubert JC (2007) Upgrading from single chamber right ventricular to biventricular pacing in permanently paced patients with worsening heart failure: the RDCHF study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30(Suppl 1):S23–S30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Valls-Bertault V, Fatemi M, Gilard M, Pennec PY, Etienne Y, Blanc JJ (2004) Assessment of upgrading to biventricular pacing in patients with right ventricular pacing and congestive heart failure after atrioventricular junctional ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation. Europace 6:438–443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Horwich T, Foster E, De MT, Tseng Z, Saxon L (2004) Effects of resynchronization therapy on cardiac function in pacemaker patients “upgraded” to biventricular devices. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 15:1284–1289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Witte KK, Pipes RR, Nanthakumar K, Parker JD (2006) Biventricular pacemaker upgrade in previously paced heart failure patients – improvements in ventricular dyssynchrony. J Card Fail 12:199–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Doshi RN, Daoud EG, Fellows C, Turk K, Duran A, Hamdan MH, Pires LA (2005) Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16:1160–1165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brignole M, Gammage M, Puggioni E, Alboni P, Raviele A, Sutton R, Vardas P, Bongiorni MG, Bergfeldt L, Menozzi C, Musso G (2005) Comparative assessment of right, left, and biventricular pacing in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 26:712–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kindermann M, Hennen B, Jung J, Geisel J, Bohm M, Frohlig G (2006) Biventricular versus conventional right ventricular stimulation for patients with standard pacing indication and left ventricular dysfunction: the Homburg biventricular pacing evaluation (HOBIPACE). J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1927–1937

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. de Teresa E, Gomez-Doblas JJ, Lamas G, Alzueta J, Fernandez-Lozano I, Cobo E, Navarro X, Navarro-Lopez F, Stockburger M (2007) Preventing ventricular dysfunction in pacemaker patients without advanced heart failure: rationale and design of the PREVENT-HF study. Europace 9:442–446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Funck RC, Blanc JJ, Mueller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, Bailleul C, Maisch B (2006) Biventricular stimulation to prevent cardiac desynchronization: rationale, design, and endpoints of the ‘Biventricular Pacing for Atrioventricular Block to Prevent Cardiac Desynchronization (BioPace)’ study. Europace 8:629–635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gregoratos G, Abrams J, Epstein AE, Freedman RA, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Kerber RE, Naccarelli GV, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Winters SL (2002) ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices – summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1703–1719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. C. Funck MD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Funck, R.C., Kölsch, S. & Maisch, B. Biventrikuläre Stimulation bei AV-Block. Herzschr. Elektrophys. 19, 41–47 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-008-0599-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00399-008-0599-8

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation