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Eosinophile Granulozyten – Physiologie und Pathophysiologie

Eosinophilic granulocytes—Physiology and pathophysiology

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Zusammenfassung

Die eosinophilen Granulozyten sind als Untergruppe der Leukozyten ein Teil des angeborenen Immunzellpools. Zusätzlich nehmen sie homöostatische Aufgaben im Gewebe war. Klassischerweise werden Allergien und Parasiteninfektionen mit einer erhöhten Eosinophilenzahl assoziiert, doch findet man eine Eosinophilie auch bei Vaskulitiden und Tumorerkrankungen. Die wichtigsten Steuerungselemente der Eosinophilen sind das Zytokin Interleukin 5 und die Eotaxine. Selbst produzieren Eosinophile die unterschiedlichsten Kommunikationsfaktoren und toxischen Proteine, die in den zytoplasmatischen Granula gespeichert sind und bei Bedarf abhängig vom jeweiligen Stimulus gezielt und schnell ausgeschüttet werden können. Zur Pathogenbekämpfung können Eosinophile auch extrazelluläre mitochondriale DNA-Netze herauskatapultieren. In dieser Übersicht werden Grundaufbau, Steuerung und Funktion der Eosinophilen im Gesunden und bei Krankheiten besprochen.

Abstract

Eosinophilic granulocytes are a subpopulation of leucocytes and part of the innate immune cell pool. Additionally, they have homeostatic functions in different tissues. Classically, an increased number of eosinophils is associated with allergies and parasitic infections; however, eosinophilia can also be found in vasculitides and malignant tumors. The most important controlling factors of eosinophils are the cytokine interleukin 5 and eotaxins. Eosinophils are able to produce a broad range of signalling factors and toxic proteins, which are stored in cytoplasmic granules and can be quickly and specifically released when needed depending on the stimulus. To combat pathogens, eosinophils can catapult extracellular traps consisting of mitochondrial DNA and toxic proteins into the intercellular space. This review focuses on the basic structure, control and function of eosinophils in health and disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Ernährung, Kinderklinik, Inselspital, Universität Bern, Bern, Schweiz

    C. Sokollik

  2. Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Schweiz

    H.-U. Simon

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C. Sokollik und H.-U. Simon geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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B. Hellmich, Kirchheim-Teck

F. Moosig, Neumünster

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Sokollik, C., Simon, HU. Eosinophile Granulozyten – Physiologie und Pathophysiologie. Z Rheumatol 78, 306–312 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-018-0574-7

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