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Evaluation of non-stationarity in summer precipitation and the response of vegetation over the typical steppe in Inner Mongolia

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Abstract

The typical steppe in Inner Mongolia is an important component of the Eurasian steppes. It plays a dominant role in preventing desertification and against sandstorms, but highly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. Based on long-term observed precipitation data and remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images, the non-stationary behavior of summer precipitation and its linkage with vegetation change were investigated, by means of incorporating time-varying and physical based explanatory covariates in non-stationary modeling. Results indicated that time-dependent models exhibited good performance to reproduce the temporal variations of eco-hydrological variables. The non-stationarity of summer precipitation was prominently visible for the majority of sites during the period from 1957 to 2017, with the mean behavior described as a linear or nonlinear time-varying pattern. In general, the steppe has experienced a decreasing trend in summer precipitation, but whether the decline tends to maintain or weaken or strengthen depends on the spatial location of the site studied. Differences appeared in the changes of vegetation in summer from 1998 to 2017 in different sub-regions. Evidences for the presence of stationary evolution was found in most sub-regions in the middle part, together with a linear increase in the westernmost sub-regions while a non-linear decrease in the easternmost sub-regions. Covariate analyses further highlighted the role of precipitation variabilities in the modeling of the NDVI-related vegetation dynamics over the steppe. The potential relations of summer precipitation to vegetation growth were characterized as both linear and non-linear positive forms. In particular, precipitation extremes could be responsible for the occurrences of exceptional cases in vegetation condition. The fluctuations in summer precipitation have crucial significance for future predictions of vegetation succession. Findings from this study would lead to additional insights to understanding the effect of climate change on grassland ecosystem processes.

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Data availability

Meteorological data supporting this research are available in the China Meteorological Data Service Centre [http://data.cma.cn], with access to the real-name registered users of education and research.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the various state and governmental agencies for providing so much data. This study was financially supported by the following contracts: the Scientific Research Starting Foundation for High Level Talent Introduction Program of Inner Mongolia Agriculture University (Grant NDYB 2018-8); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 51909122, 51939006, 51620105003 and 51769020); the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (Grant 2019BS05001 and 2020JQ06); the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant 2020 and 2021GG0072); the Ministry of Education Innovative Research Team (Grant IRT_17R60); and the Ministry of Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Priority Areas (Grant 2015RA4013).

Funding

This study was financially supported by the following contracts: the Scientific Research Starting Foundation for High Level Talent Introduction Program of Inner Mongolia Agriculture University (Grant NDYB 2018-8); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 51909122, 51939006, 51769020 and 51620105003); the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (Grant 2019BS05001 and 2020JQ06); the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant 2021GG0072 and 2020); the Ministry of Education Innovative Research Team (Grant IRT_17R60); and the Ministry of Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Priority Areas (Grant 2015RA4013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Water Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China

    Yixuan Wang, Limin Duan, Tingxi Liu, Yanyun Luo, Dongfang Li & Xin Tong

  2. Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Water Resource for Pastoral Area, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China

    Wei Li

  3. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Huimin Lei

  4. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    V. P. Singh

  5. Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda Street 306, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, China

    Tingxi Liu

Authors
  1. Yixuan Wang
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  2. Limin Duan
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  3. Tingxi Liu
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  4. Yanyun Luo
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  5. Dongfang Li
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  6. Xin Tong
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  7. Wei Li
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  8. Huimin Lei
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  9. V. P. Singh
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Yixuan Wang, Limin Duan, Tingxi Liu and Yanyun Luo. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Yixuan Wang and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tingxi Liu.

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Wang, Y., Duan, L., Liu, T. et al. Evaluation of non-stationarity in summer precipitation and the response of vegetation over the typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Clim Dyn 58, 2227–2247 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06002-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06002-5

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