Abstract
The Dutch ophthalmologist, Jan van der Hoeve, first introduced the terms phakoma/phakomata (from the old Greek word “ϕαχοσ” = lentil, spot, lens-shaped) to define similar retinal lesions recorded in tuberous sclerosis (1920) and in neurofibromatosis (1923). He later applied this concept: (a) to similar lesions in other organs (e.g. brain, heart and kidneys) (1932) and (b) to other disorders (i.e. von Hippel–Lindau disease and Sturge–Weber syndrome) (1933), and coined the term phakomatoses. At the same time, the American neurologist Paul Ivan Yakovlev and psychiatrist Riley H. Guthrie (1931) established the key role of nervous systems and skin manifestations in these conditions and proposed to name them neurocutaneous syndromes (or ectodermoses, to explain the pathogenesis). The Belgian pathologist, Ludo van Bogaert, came to similar conclusions (1935), but used the term neuro-ectodermal dysplasias. In the 1980s, the American paediatric neurologist Manuel R. Gomez introduced the concept of “hamartia/hamartoma” instead of phakoma/phakomata. “Genodermatoses” and “neurocristopathies” were alternative terms still used to define these conditions. Nowadays, however, the most acclaimed terms are “phacomatoses” and “neurocutaneous disorders”, which are used interchangeably. Phacomatoses are a heterogeneous group of conditions (mainly) affecting the skin (with congenital pigmentary/vascular abnormalities and/or tumours), the central and peripheral nervous system (with congenital abnormalities and/or tumours) and the eye (with variable abnormalities). Manifestations may involve many other organs or systems including the heart, vessels, lungs, kidneys and bones. Pathogenically, they are explained by interplays between intra- and extra-neuronal signalling pathways encompassing receptor-to-protein and protein-to-protein cascades involving RAS, MAPK/MEK, ERK, mTOR, RHOA, PI3K/AKT, PTEN, GNAQ and GNA11 pathways, which shed light also to phenotypic variability and overlapping. We hereby review the history, classification, genomics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, surveillance protocols and therapies, in phacomatoses: (1) predisposing to development of tumours (i.e. the neurofibromatoses and allelic/similar disorders and schwannomatosis; tuberous sclerosis complex; Gorlin–Goltz and Lhermitte–Duclos–Cowden syndromes); (2) with vascular malformations (i.e. Sturge–Weber and Klippel–Trenaunay syndromes; megalencephaly/microcephaly–capillary malformation syndromes; CLOVES, Wyburn–Mason and mixed vascular nevus syndromes; blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome; hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia); (3) with vascular tumours (von Hippel–Lindau disease; PHACE(S)); (4) with pigmentary/connective tissue mosaicism (incontinentia pigmenti; pigmentary/Ito mosaicism; mTOR-related megalencephaly/focal cortical dysplasia/pigmentary mosaicism; RHOA-related ectodermal dysplasia; neurocutaneous melanocytosis; epidermal/papular spilus/Becker nevi syndromes; PENS and LEOPARD syndromes; encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis; lipoid proteinosis); (5) with dermal dysplasia (cerebellotrigeminal dermal dysplasia); and (6) with twin spotting or similar phenomena (phacomatosis pigmentovascularis and pigmentokeratotica; and cutis tricolor).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anand G, Vasallo G, Spanou M, Thomas S, Pike M, Kariyawasam DS, Mehta S, Parry A, Durie-Gair J, Nicholson J, Lascelles K, Everett V, Gibbon FM, Jarvis N, Elston J, Evans DG, Halliday D (2018) Diagnosis of sporadic neurofibromatosis type 2 in the paediatric population. Arch Dis Child 103:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313154
Arzimanoglou A, O’ Hare A, Johnston M, Ouvrier A (2018) Aicardi’s diseases of the nervous system in childhood. Wiley, New York
Ashwal S (1990) The founders of child neurology. Norman Publishing, San Francisco
Babu NA, Rajesh E, Krupaa J, Gnananandar G (2015) Genodermatoses. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 7(Suppl 1):S203–S206. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.155903
Baeck E (2005) Ludo van Bogaert (1897-1989) and the Bunge Institute. Eur J Neurol 12:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00944.x
Barros FS, Marussi VHR, Amaral LLF, da Rocha AJ, Campos CMS, Freitas LF, Huisman TAGM, Soares BP (2018) the rare neurocutaneous disorders: update on clinical, molecular, and neuroimaging features. Top Magn Reson Imaging 27:433–462. https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000185
Becker B, Strowd RE 3rd (2019) Phakomatoses. Dermatol Clin 37:583–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2019.05.015
Beighton P, Beighton G (1986) The man behind the syndrome. Springer, Berlin
Beighton P, Beighton G (1997) The persons behind the syndrome. Springer, London
Bolande R (1974) The neurocristopathies: a unifying concept of disease arising in neural crest maldevelopment. Hum Pathol 5:409–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(74)80021-3
Bolande RP (1997) Neurocristopathy: its growth and development in 20 years. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 17:1–25
Bourneville DM (1880) Sclérose tubéreuse des circonvolutions cérébrales: Idiotie et épilepsie hémiplégique. Arch Neurol (Paris) 1:81–91
Bourneville DM (1880-1881) Contribution à l’étude de l’idiotie. Arch Neurol (Paris) 1:69–90
Bourneville D, Brissaud È (1881) Encéphalite ou sclérose tubéreuse des circonvolutions cérébrales. Arch Neurol (Paris) 1:390–412
Bourneville DM (1899) Idiotie symptomatique de la sclérose tubéreuse ou hypertrophique. Le Progrès Médical (Paris) (série III) 10:241–248
Curatolo P, Riva D (2006) Neurocutaneous syndromes in childhood. John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge ISBN: 2742006095
Curatolo P (2015) Advances in neurocutaneous disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 22:205–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.10.004
Dies KA, Sahin M (2015) Genetics of neurocutaneous disorders: basic principles of inheritance as they apply to neurocutaneous syndromes. Handb Clin Neurol 132:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62702-5.00001-9
Enersen OD (2020) Jan van der Hoeve. Available at: https://www.whonamedit.com
Etchevers HC, Dupin E, Le Douarin NM (2019) The diverse neural crest: from embryology to human pathology. Development 146:dev169821. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.169821
Evans DG, Birch JM, Ramsden RT (1999) Pediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis. Arch Dis Child 81:496–499. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.81.6.496
Evans DG, Baser ME, O’Reilly B, Rowe J, Gleeson M, Saeed S, King A, Huson SM, Kerr R, Thomas N, Irving R, MacFarlane R, Ferner R, McLeod R, Moffat D, Ramsden R (2005) Management of the patient and family with neurofibromatosis 2: a consensus conference statement. Br J Neurosurg 19:5–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688690500081206
Evans DG, King AT, Bowers NL, Tobi S, Wallace AJ, Perry M, Anup R, Lloyd SKL, Rutherford SA, Hammerbeck-Ward C, Pathmanaban ON, Stapleton E, Freeman SR, Kellett M, Halliday D, Parry A, Gair JJ, Axon P, Laitt R, Thomas O, Afridi S, Ferner RE, Harkness EF, Smith MJ, English Specialist NF2 Research Group (2019) Identifying the deficiencies of current diagnostic criteria forneurofibromatosis 2 using databases of 2777 individuals with molecular testing. Genet Med 21:1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-018-0384-y
Flores-Sarnat L, Sarnat HB (2015) Phenotype/genotype correlations in epidermal nevus syndrome as aneurocristopathy. Handb Clin Neurol 132:9–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62702-5.00002-0
Gaudioso C, Listernick R, Fisher MJ, Campen CJ, Paz A, Gutmann DH (2019) Neurofibromatosis 2 in children presenting during the first decade of life. Neurology 93:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008065
Gomez MR (1987) Neurocutaneous diseases. A practical approach. Butterworths, Boston
Gosein M, Harris A, Pang E, Maharaj P, Chang S (2017) Abdominal imaging findings in neurocutaneous syndromes: looking below the diaphragm. AJR Am J Roentgenol 209:1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.17.18404
Gürsoy S, Erçal D (2018) Genetic evaluation of common neurocutaneous syndromes. Pediatr Neurol 89:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.08.006
Halliday D, Emmanouil B, Vassallo G, Lascelles K, Nicholson J, Chandratre S, Anand G, Wasik M, Pretorius P, Evans DG, Parry A, English NF2 research group (2019) Trends in phenotype in the English paediatric neurofibromatosis type 2 cohort stratified by genetic severity. Clin Genet 96:151–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.13551
Hamid RN, Akkurt ZM (2019) Hereditary tumor syndromes with skin involvement. Dermatol Clin 37:607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2019.05.016
Happle R (1993) Mosaicism in human skin. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms. Arch Dermatol 129:1460–1470
Happle R (1993) Pigmentary patterns associated with human mosaicism: a proposed classification. Eur J Dermatol 3:170–174
Happle R (1996) Segmental forms of autosomal dominant skin disorders: different types of severity reflect different states of zygosity. Am J Med Genet 66:241–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19961211)66:2<241::AID-AJMG24>3.0.CO;2-S
Happle R (1997) A rule concerning the segmental manifestation of autosomal dominant skin disorders. Review of clinical examples providing evidence for dichotomous types of severity. Arch Dermatol 133:1505–1509
Happle R (2014) Mosaicism in human skin. Understanding nevi, nevoid skin disorders, and cutaneous neoplasia. Springer, Berlin
Happle R (2016) The categories of cutaneous mosaicism: a proposed classification. Am J Med Genet A 170A:452–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37439
Happle R (2017) The molecular revolution in cutaneous biology: era of mosaicism. J Invest Dermatol 137:e73–e77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.045
Happle R (2018) The concept of type 2 segmental mosaicism, expanding from dermatology to general medicine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 32:1075–1088. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14838
Hérissé AL, Poirée M, Boyer C, Soler C, Leloutre B, Geoffray A (2015) Early type 2 neurofibromatosis and congenital retinal hamartoma. Arch Pediatr 22:729–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2015.04.018
Hill CR, Theos A (2019) What’s new in genetic skin diseases. Dermatol Clin 37:229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2018.11.004
Institute Born-Bunge (2020) University of Antwerp. Available at: https://www.bornbunge.be
Islam MP, Roach ES (2015) Neurocutaneous disorders. Hand Clin Neurol 132 ISBN: 9780444627025
Jen M, Nallasamy S (2016) Ocular manifestations of genetic skin disorders. Clin Dermatol 34:242–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.008
Jentarra G, Snyder SL, Narayanan V (2006) Genetic aspects of neurocutaneous disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 13:43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2006.01.010
Kemper T (1984) Paul Ivan Yakovlev 1894–1983. Arch Neurol 41:536–540. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1984.04050170082023
Kemper TL (1984) Paul Ivan Yakovlev 1894–1983. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 43:290–292
Klar N, Cohen B, Lin DDM (2016) Neurocutaneous syndromes. Handb Clin Neurol 135:565–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53485-9.00027-1
Ko CJ, Atzmony L, Lim Y, McNiff JM, Craiglow BG, Antaya RJ, Choate KA (2019) Review of genodermatoses with characteristic histopathology and potential diagnostic delay. J Cutan Pathol 46:756–765. https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.13520
Komiyama M (2017) Cardio-cephalic neural crest syndrome: a novel hypothesis of vascularneurocristopathy. Interv Neuroradiol 23:572–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1591019917726093
Korf BR (2005) The phakomatoses. Clin Dermatol 23:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.09.007
Korf BR, Bebin EM (2017) Neurocutaneous disorders in children. Pediatr Rev 38:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2015-0118
Kuster W, Happle R (1993) Neurocutaneous disorders in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 5:436–440. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199308000-00011
Lecours AR (1989) Paul Ivan Yakovlev and his teachings on cerebral maturation and asymmetries. J Neurol 4:273–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(89)90018-3
Lindau A (1926a) Studien über Kleinhirncysten. Bau, Pathogenese und Beziehungen zur Angiomatosis retinae, (doctoral thesis). Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 3(supplement):1–128
Lindau A (1926b) Angiomatosis retinae. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1(supplement):77
Lindau A (1927) Zur Frage der Angiomatosis Retinae und Ihrer Hirncomplikation. Acta Ophthalmol 4:193–226
Lowenthal A (1998) Ludo Van Bogaert (1897-1989). J Med Biogr 6:200–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/096777209800600403
Martin JJ (2000) Ludo van Bogaert (1897-1989). J Neurol 247:814–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150070103
Martin JJ, Martin L (1990) Homage to Mr. Ludo van Bogaert. Acta Neurol Belg 90:27–45
Martin L, Martin JJ (1996) Ludo van Bogaert (1897-1989). Acta Neurol Belg 96:254–263
Martins da Silva VP, Marghoob A, Pigem R, Carrera C, Aguilera P, Puig-Butillé JA, Puig S, Malvehy J (2017) Patterns of distribution of giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN): the 6B rule. J Am Acad Dermatol 76:689–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.05.042
Martins da Silva V, Martinez-Barrios E, Tell-Martí G, Dabad M, Carrera C, Aguilera P, Brualla D, Esteve-Codina A, Vicente A, Puig S, Puig-Butillé JA, Malvehy J (2019) Genetic abnormalities in large to giant congenital nevi: beyond NRAS mutations. J Invest Dermatol 139:900–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.07.045
Mautner VE, Tatagiba M, Guthoff R, Samili M, Pulst SM (1993) Neurofibromatosis type 2 in the pediatric age. Neurosurgery 33:92–96. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199307000-00014
Mellinger JF, Patterson MC (2006) In memoriam: Manuel Rodriguez Gomez, MD July 4, 1928 - January 21, 2006. Pediatr Neurol 35:47–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.06.003
Nguyen V, Hochman M, Mihm MC Jr, Nelson JS, Tan W (2019) The pathogenesis of port wine stain and Sturge Weber syndrome: complex interactions between genetic alterations and aberrant MAPK and PI3K activation. Int J Mol Sci 20:2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092243
Nunes F, MacCollin M (2003) Neurofibromatosis type 2 in the pediatric population. J Child Neurol 18:718–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738030180101301
OMIMTM (20208) Online Mendelian inheritance in man. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim
ORPHANETTM (2020) The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs. Available at: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/index.php
Philippart M (1990) Ludo van Bogaert. In: Ashwal S (ed) The founders of child neurology. Norman Publishing, San Francisco, pp 854–862
Radermecker J (1990) Academic eulogy of doctor Ludo van Bogaert, titular member and former president. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 145:163–170
Roach ES (1992) Neurocutaneous syndromes. Pediatr Clin N Am 39:591–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38367-5
Roach ES, van Miller S (2004) Neurocutaneous disorders. Cambridge University Press, New York ISBN: 978-0521781534
Rosser T (2018) Neurocutaneous disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 24:96–129. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000562
Ruggieri M, Huson SM (1999) The neurofibromatoses. An overview. Ital J Neurol Sci 20:89–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100720050017
Ruggieri M, Pavone V, De Luca D, Franzò A, Tiné A, Pavone L (1999) Congenital bone malformations in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1). J Pediatr Orthop 19:301–305
Ruggieri M (2000) Cutis tricolor: Congenital hyper- and hypopigmented lesions in a background of normal skin with and without associated systemic features: further expansion of the phenotype. Eur J Pediatr 159:745–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00008339
Ruggieri M, Polizzi A (2000) Segmental neurofibromatosis. J Neurosurg 93:530–532. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.3.0530
Ruggieri M, Huson SM (2001) The clinical and diagnostic implications of mosaicism in the neurofibromatoses. Neurology 56:1433–1443. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.56.11.1433
Ruggieri M, Pavone P, Polizzi A, Di Pietro M, Scuderi A, Gabriele A, Spalice A, Iannetti P (2004) Ophthalmological manifestations in segmental (localised) neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Br J Ophthalmol 88:1429–1433. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2004.043802
Ruggieri M, Iannetti P, Polizzi A, La Mantia I, Spalice A, Giliberto O, Platania N, Gabriele AL, Albanese V, Pavone L (2005) Earliest clinical manifestations and natural history of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) in childhood: a study of 24 patients. Neuropediatrics 36:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837581
Ruggieri M, Pascual-Castroviejo I, Di Rocco C (2008) Neurocutaneous disorders. Phakomatoses and hamartoneoplastic syndromes. Springer, Wien
Ruggieri M, Gabriele AL, Polizzi A, Salpietro V, Nicita F, Pavone P, Platania N, Milone P, Distefano A, Privitera G, Belfiore G, Granata F, Caltabiano R, Albanese V, Pavone L, Quattrone A (2013) Natural history of neurofibromatosis type 2 with onset before the age of 1 year. Neurogenetics 14:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-013-0354-0
Ruggieri M, Polizzi A, Spalice A, Salpietro V, Caltabiano R, D’Orazi V, Pavone P, Pirrone C, Magro G, Platania N, Cavallaro S, Muglia M, Nicita F (2015) The natural history of spinal neurofibromatosis: a critical review of clinical and genetic features. Clin Genet 87:401–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.12498
Ruggieri M, Praticò AD (2015) Mosaic neurocutaneous disorders and their causes. Semin Pediatr Neurol 22:207–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.11.001
Ruggieri M, Praticò AD, Serra A, Maiolino L, Cocuzza S, Caltabiano R, Polizzi A (2017) Early history of neurofibromatosis type 2 and related forms: earliest descriptions of acoustic neuromas, medical curiosities, misconceptions, landmarks and the pioneers behind the eponyms. Childs Nerv Syst 33:549–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3226-8
Ruggieri M, Micali G, Praticò AD (2018) Rare neurocutaneous disorders: state of the art and update. J Pediatr Neurol 16(253):378
Ruggieri M, Praticò AD, Caltabiano R, Polizzi A (2018) Early history of the different forms of neurofibromatosis from the ancient Egypt to the British empire and beyond: first descriptions, medical curiosities, misconceptions, landmarks and the persons behind the syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 176:515–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38486
Ruggieri M, Praticò AD, Lacarrubba F, Micali G, Schepis C, Polizzi A (2018c) Archetypical patterns of skin manifestations in neurocutaneous disorders. J Pediatr Neurol 16:255–264
Ruggieri M, Catanzaro S, Marceca PG, Praticò AD (2019) Sindromi neurocutanee. Prospettive Pediatria 49:109–128 Available at: https://www.sip.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/02B_Ruggieri.pdf
Ruggieri M, Praticò AD, Polizzi A (2020) Neurocutaneous disorders. In: Di Rocco C, Pang D, Rutka JD (eds) Textbook of pediatric neurosurgery. Springer International Publishing, New York ISBN: 978-3-319-72167-5
Rustad CF, Dahl HM, Bowers NL, Sitek JC, Heiberg A, Huson S, Prescott T, Evans DGR (2017) Neurofibromatosis type 2: multiple intra-dermal tumors in a toddler. Am J Med Genet A 173:1447–1449. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38177
Salpietro V, Polizzi A, Bertè LF, Chimenz R, Chirico V, Manti S, Ferraù V, Salpietro A, Arrigo T, Ruggieri M (2012) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a unifying neuroendocrine hypothesis through the adrenal-brain axis. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 33:569–573
Salpietro V, Polizzi A, Di Rosa G, Romeo AC, Dipasquale V, Morabito P, Chirico V, Arrigo T, Ruggieri M (2014) Adrenal disorders and the pediatric brain: pathophysiological considerations and clinical implications. https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931291890&origin=AuthorEval&zone=hIndex-DocumentList Int J Endocrinol 2014:282489. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/282489
Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L (2006) Embryological basis of the neurocutaneous syndromes. In: Curatolo P, Riva D (eds) Neurocutaneous syndromes in children. John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, pp 1–16 EAN: 9782742006090
Schierbeck J, Vestergaard T, Bygum A (2019) Skin cancer associated genodermatoses: a literature review. Acta Derm Venereol 99:360–369. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3123
Sorge G, Ruggieri M, Polizzi A, Scuderi A, Di Pietro M (1996) SHORT syndrome: a new case with probable autosomal dominant inheritance. Am J Med Genet 61:178–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<178::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-R
Spitz JL (2005) Genodermatoses. A clinical guide to genetic skin disorders, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, San Francisco
Sturge WA (1871) Case of partial epilepsia apparently due to lesion of one of vasomotor centres of brain. Trans Clin Soc Lond 12:162–167
Sybert VP (1997) Genetic skin disorders. Oxford University Press, New York
Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, Schor NF, Finkel RS, Gropman AL, Pearl PL, Shevell MI (2017) Swaiman’s pediatric neurology. Principles and practice, 6th edn. Elsevier, New York ISBN: 978-0323371018
Tadini G, Brena M, Gelmetti C, Pezani L (2015) Atlas of genodermatoses, 2nd edn. CRC, New York ISBN: 978-1466598355
Tang X, Gao J, Yang X, Guo X (2018) A 10-year delayed diagnosis of blue rubber bleb nevus syndromecharacterized by refractory iron-deficiency anemia: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e10873. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010873
Ullrich NJ (2016) Neurocutaneous syndromes and brain tumors. J Child Neurol 31:1399–1411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073815604220
Vabres P, Sorlin A, Kholmanskikh SS, Demeer B, St-Onge J, Duffourd Y, Kuentz P, Courcet JB, Carmignac V, Garret P, Bessis D, Boute O, Bron A, Captier G, Carmi E, Devauchelle B, Geneviève D, Gondry-Jouet C, Guibaud L, Lafon A, Mathieu-Dramard M, Thevenon J, Dobyns WB, Bernard G, Polubothu S, Faravelli F, Kinsler VA, Thauvin C, Faivre L, Ross ME, Rivière JB (2019) Postzygotic inactivating mutations of RHOA cause a mosaic neuroectodermal syndrome. Nat Genet 51:1660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0527-3
Van der Hoeve J, de Kleyn A (1918) Blaue Skleren, Knochenbrüchigkeit und Schwerhörigkeit. Albrecht Graefes Archiv Ophthalmol 95:81
Van der Hoeve J (1920) Eye symptoms in tuberous sclerosis of the brain. Trans Ophthalmol Soc 20:329–334
Van der Hoeve J (1921) Augengeschwulst bei der tuberosen Hirnsklerose (Bourneville). Albrecht Graefes Arch Klin Ophthalmol 105:880–898
Van der Hoeve J (1923) Eye disease in tuberous sclerosis of the brain and in Recklinghausen’s disease. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 45:534–541
Van der Hoeve J (1932) Eye symptoms in phakomatoses (The Doyle Memorial Lecture). Trans Ophthalmol Soc 52:380–401
Van der Hoeve J (1933) Les phakomatoses de Bourneville, de Recklinghausen et de von Hippel-Lindau. J Belge Neurol Psychiatry 33:752–762
Van Bogaert L (1935) Les dysplasies neuroectodermiques congenitales. Rev Neurol (Paris) 63:354–398
van Steensel MA (2015) Neurocutaneous manifestations of genetic mosaicism. J Pediatr Genet 4:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564441
Vezina G, Barkovich AJ (2019) Neurocutaneous disorders. In: Barkovic AJ, Raybaud C (eds) Pediatric neuroimaging, 6th edn. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia, pp 633–702 ISBN: 9781496337207
Victor M (2009) Paul Yakovlev remembered: an interview with Maurice Victor. Interviewed by Robert Laureno. Can J Neurol Sci 36:311–314
Viskochil D (2018) Neurocutaneous disorders. Am J Med Genet C: Semin Med Genet 178:278–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31650
Von Hippel E (1896) Vorstellung eines Patienten mit einer sehr ungenwohnlichen Netzhaut. XXIV Verstellung der ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft (Heidelberg, 1895). JF Bergman Verlag, Wiesbaden, 269
Von Hippel E (1904) Ueber eine sehr seltene Erkrankung der Netzhaut. Klinische Beobachtungen. A von Graefe Arch Ophthalmol 59:83–106
Von Hippel E (1911) Die anatomische Grundlage der von mir beschriebenen “sehr seltene Erkrankung der Netzhaut”. A von Graefe’s Arch Ophthalmol 79:350–377
Von Recklinghausen FD (1882) Uber ide multiplen Fibrome der Haut und ihre beziehung zu den multiplen Neuromen. Hirschwald, Berlin, pp 3–18
Waelchli R, Aylett SE, Robinson K, Chong WK, Martinez AE, Kinsler VA (2014) New vascular classification of port-wine stains: improving prediction of Sturge-Weber risk. Br J Dermatol 171:861–867. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13203
Weber FP (1929) A note on the association of extensive haemangiomatous nevus of the skin with cerebral (meningeal) haemangioma, especially case of facila vascular naevus with contralateral hemiplegia. Proc R Soc Med 22:431
Who named it? An online catalog of eponyms in medical literature (2020) Available at http://www.whonamedit.com
Yakovlev PI, Guthrie RH (1931) Congenital ectodermoses (neurocutaneous syndromes) in epileptic patients. Bourneville tuberous sclerosis (epiloia). Arch Neurol Psychiatr 26:1145–1194
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOC 289 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ruggieri, M., Polizzi, A., Marceca, G.P. et al. Introduction to phacomatoses (neurocutaneous disorders) in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 36, 2229–2268 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04758-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04758-5