Abstract
Background
Tumor-associated hydrocephalus is common in primary pediatric brain tumors. The managements involve radical tumor resection, temporary external ventricular drainage, and different definite shunting procedures. The purpose of this study is to sum up our experience of definite shunting procedures for tumoral hydrocephalus in children and correlate with reported literatures.
Methods
This is a retrospective review of a series of 1,250 cases of primary pediatric brain tumors in patients <18 years of age collected in Taipei Veterans General Hospital from 1971 to 2008. Cases with questionable records about hydrocephalus were excluded.
Results
A total of 56.7% of cases presented hydrocephalus, including hydrocephalus that occurred at tumor diagnosis (51.5%), and hydrocephalus developed after tumor diagnosis (5.1%). At tumor diagnosis, the hydrocephalus was mainly obstructive type (98%) and rarely communicating type (1.9%). Definite shunting procedures in this series comprised of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt in 54.4%, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in 10.9%, subduroperitoneal (SP) shunt in 4.8%, septostomy in 0.7%, lumboperitoneal shunt in 0.6%, and ventriculoatrial shunt in 0.1% of patients with hydrocephalus. There was a tendency of decreasing requirement and changing timing for VP shunt implantation. There was a gradual increase in usage of ETV for hydrocephalus in specific types and locations of tumors.
Conclusion
In the past two decades, we tended to use the VP shunt more cautiously for obstructive tumoral hydrocephalus. We try to perform initial radical resection of tumors as indicated and the more frequent use of ETV in selective cases that help to decrease the requirement of VP shunt implantation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albright L (1983) The value of pre-craniotomy shunts in children with posterior fossa tumors. Clin Neurosurg 20:278–285
Alshail E, Rutka JT, Becker LE, Hoffman HJ (1997) Optic chiasmatic–hypothalamic glioma. Brain Pathol 7(2):799–806
Boyd MC, Steinbok P (1987) Choroid plexus tumors: problems in diagnosis and management. J Neurosurg 66(6):800–805
Daglioglu E, Cataltepe O, Akalan N (2003) Tectal gliomas in children: the implications for natural history and management strategy. Pediatr Neurosurg 38:223–231
Drummond KJ, Rosenfeld JV (1999) Pineal region tumors in childhood. A 30-year experience. Childs Nerv Syst 15(2–3):119–126
Due-Tonnessen BJ, Helseth E (2007) Management of hydrocephalus in children with posterior fossa tumors: role of tumor surgery. Pediatr Neurosurg 43(2):92–96
El-Ghandour NMF (2011) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus due to posterior fossa tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 27(1):117–126
Freeman CR, Farmer JP (1998) Pediatric brain stem gliomas: a review. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 40(2):265–271
Gil Z, Beni-Adani L, Siomin V, Nagar H, Dvir R, Constantini S (2001) Ascites following ventriculoperitoneal shunting in children with chiasmatic-hypothalamic glioma. Childs Nerv Syst 17(7):395–398
Gnanalingham KK, Lafuente J, Thompson D, Harkness W, Hayward R (2003) The natural history of ventriculomegaly and tonsillar herniation in children with posterior fossa tumors—an MRI study. Pediatr Neurosurg 39(5):246–253
Griwan MS, Sharma BS, Mahajan RK, Vk K (1993) Value of precraniotomy shunts in children with posterior fossa tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 9(8):462–465
Hellwig D, Grotenhuis JA, Tirakotai W, Riegel T, Schulte DM, Bauer BL, Bertalanffy H (2005) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Rev 28:1–38
Korinth MC, Lippitz B, Mayfrank L, Gilsbach JM (2002) Subdural-atrial and subdural-peritoneal shunting in infants with chronic subdural fluid collections. J Pediatr Surg 35:1339–1343
Le H, Yamini B, Frim DM (2002) Lumboperitoneal shunting as a treatment for slit ventricle syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 36(4):178–182
Martinez-Lage JF, Perez-Espejo MA, Almagro MJ, de San R, Pedro J, Lopez F, Piqueras C, Tortosa J (2005) Syndromes of overdrainage of ventricular shunting in childhood hydrocephalus. Neurocirugia (Astur) 16(2):124–133
Massimi L, Tufo T, Rocco D (2007) Management of optic-hypothalamic gliomas in children: still a challenging problem. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7(11):1591–1610
Matsumoto J, Kochi M, Morioka M, Nakamura H, Makino K, Hamada J, Kuratsu J, Ushio Y (2006) A long-term ventricular drainage for patients with germ cell tumors or medulloblastoma. Surg Neurol 65(1):74–80
Mauffrey C (2006) Pediatric braistem gliomas: Prognostic factor and management. J Clin Neurosci 13:431–437
McGirt MJ, Woodworth G, Thomas G, Miller N, Williams M, Rigamonti D (2004) Cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement for pseudotumor cerebri-associated intractable headache: predictors of treatment response and an analysis of long-term outcomes. J Neurosurg 101(4):627–632
Miyagi K, Mukawa J, Mekaru S, Ogawa K (1996) Management of hydrocephalus in the case with pineal region tumor. No Shinkei Geka 24(9):817–822
Morelli D, Pirotte B, Lubansu A, Detemmerman D, Aeby A, Fricx C, Berre J, David P, Brotchi J (2005) Persistent hydrocephalus after early surgical management of posterior fossa tumors in children: is routine preoperative endoscopic third ventriculostomy justified? J Neurosurg 103(2 suppl):247–252
Nagib MG, O’Fallon MT (2000) Lateral ventricle choroids plexus papilloma in children: management and complications. Surg Neurol 54(5):366–372
O’Brien DF, Hayhurst C, Pizer B, Mallucci CL (2006) Outcomes in patients undergoing single-trajectory endoscopic third ventriculostomy and endoscopic biopsy for midline tumors presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 105(3 Suppl):219–226
Oi S, Matsuzawa K, Choi JU, Kim DS, Kang JK, Cho BK (1998) Identical characteristics of the patient populations with pineal region tumors in Japan and in Korea and therapeutic modalities. Childs Nerv Syst 14(102):36–40
Oi S, Kamio M, Joki T, Abe T (2001) Neuroendoscopic anatomy and surgery in pineal region tumors: role of neuroendoscopic procedure in the ‘minimally-invasive preferential’ management. J Neurooncol 54(3):277–286
Oka K, Kin Y, Go Y et al (1999) Neuroendoscopic approach to tectal tumors: a consecutive series. J Neurosurg 91:964–970
Pople IK, Athanasiou TC, Sandeman DR, Coakham HB (2001) The role of endoscopicbiopsy and third ventriculostomy in the management of pineal region tumours. Br J Neurosurg 15:305–311
Pollack IF, Pang D, Albright AL (1994) The long-term outcome in children with late-onset aqueductal stenosis resulting from benign intrinsic tectal tumors. J Neurosurg 80:681–688
Puget S, Crimmins DW, Garnett MR, Grill J, Oliveira R, Boddaert N, Wray A, Lelouch-Tubiana A, Rouleau T, Di Rocco F, Zerah M, Sainte-Rose C (2007) Thalamic tumors in children: a reappraisal. J Neurosurg 106(5):354–62
Qiu BH, Fang LX, Zhang XA, Qi ST (2010) Clinical study of pineal region tumors: experience with 132 patients. Chung-Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 32(6):441–443
Rappaport ZH, Shalit MN (1989) Perioperative external ventricular drainage in obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to infratentorial brain tumors. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 96(3–4):118–121
Ray P, Jallo GI, Ry K, Kim BS, Wilson S, Kothbauer K, Abbott R (2005) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for tumor-related hydrocephalus in a pediatric population. Neurosurg Focus 19(6):E8
Ruggiero C, Cinalli G, Spennato P, Aliberti F, Cianciulli E, Vincenzo MG (2004) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 20(11–12):828–833
Sainte-Rose C, Cinalli G, Roux FE, Maixner R, Chumas PD, Mansour M, Carpentier A, Bourgeois M, Zerah M, Pierre-Kahn A, Renier D (2001) Management of hydrocephalus in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors: the role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg 95(5):791–797
Schijman E, Peter JC, Rekate HL, Sgouros S, Wong TT (2004) Management of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors: how, what, when? Childs Nerv Syst 20(3):192–194
Shalit MN, Ben Ari Y, Eynan N (1979) The management of obstructive hydrocephalus by the use of external continuous ventricular drainage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 47(3–4):161–72
Souweidane MM (2005) Endoscopic management of pediatric brain tumors. Neurosurg Focus 18(6A):E1
Taylor WA, Todd NV, Leighton SE (1992) CSF drainage in patients with posterior fossa tumors. Acta Neurochir 117(102):1–6
Tamburrini G, Pettorini BL, Massimi L, Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C (2008) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: the best option in the treatment of persistent hydrocephalus after posterior cranial fossa tumor removal!? Childs Nerv Syst 24(12):1405–1412
Tamburrini G, Massimi L, Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C (2008) Antibiotic impregnated external ventricular drainage and third ventriculostomy in the management of hydrocephalus associated with posterior cranial fossa tumors. Acta Neurochir 150(10):1049–1055
Ueoka DI, Nogueira J, Campos JC, Filho P, Ferman S, Lima MA (2009) Brainstem gliomas—retrospective analysis of 86 patients. J Neurol Sci 281:20–23
Wellons JC 3rd, Tubbs RS, Banks JT, Grabb B, Blount JP, Oakes WJ, Grabb PA (2002) Long-term control of hydrocephalus via endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children with tectal plate gliomas. Neurosurgery 51:63–68
Wong TT, Ho DM, Chang KP, Yen SH, Guo WY, Chang FC, Liang ML, Pan HC, Chung WY (2005) Primary pediatric brain tumors: statistics of Taipei VGH, Taiwan (1975–2004). Cancer 104(10):2156–2167
Wong TT, Chen HH, Liang ML, Yen YS, Chang FC (2011) Neuroendoscopy in the management of pineal tumors. Child Nerv Syst 27(6):949–959
Yamaguchi S, Terasaka S, Lobayashi H, Shiga T, Usui R, Hirata K, Kubota K, Murata J, Iwasaki Y (2009) Indolent dorsal midbrain tumor: new findings based on positron emission tomography. J Neurosurg Pediatrics 3(4):270–275
Yen SH, Chen YW, Huang PI, Wong TT, Ho DM, Chang KP, Liang ML, Chious SH, Lee YY, Chen HH (2010) Optimal treatment for intracranial germinoma: Can we lower radiation dose without chemotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77(4):980–987
Zuccaro G (2005) Radical resection of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst 21:679–690
Acknowledgments
This clinical research work is supported by grant DOH99-TD-C-111-007 and the Pediatric Neuroscience Research Plan from Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wong, TT., Liang, ML., Chen, HH. et al. Hydrocephalus with brain tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 27, 1723–1734 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-011-1523-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-011-1523-9