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Clinical characteristics and prognostic models of gonadal and extra-gonadal yolk sac tumors: a population-based analysis in children and adolescents

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Abstract

Purpose

Yolk sac tumors (YST) are a rare and aggressive germ cell tumor. We aimed to conduct a population-based cohort study and develop a nomogram to predict overall survival (OS) in pediatric patients with YST.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify all pediatric patients with YST diagnosed between 2000 and 2018. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves. To examine the impact of each factor on overall survival, a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was created. Based on the results of the Cox regression model, a nomogram was constructed.

Results

A total of 520 YST patients were identified. Overall survival rates for all patients were 92.2% at 3-year and 90.3% at 5-year, respectively. The outcome of Cox proportional hazard regression revealed that age, gender, primary sites, and treatment regimens were important independent predictors in this model. Based on the Cox regression model, we created a nomogram for predicting OS in pediatric YST patients. The chance of death increased with age in patients. Furthermore, patients with extra-gonadal YST have a lower survival rate than those with gonadal YST.

Conclusions

Our study revealed that age, gender, and primary site were found to be the most important predictors of the overall survival of pediatric YST, providing crucial epidemiological information for clinical management.

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Availability of data and materials

The dataset used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was supported by the Department of Health of Zhejiang Province (Grant Number 2022RC234 to Shaoguang Feng) and Annual Scientific Project Fund of Xuzhou Children’s hospital (Grant Number 22040406 to Xu Liu).

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Author notes

  1. Xu Liu and Shaoguang Feng contributed equally to the work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Children’s Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

    Xu Liu

  2. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China

    Shaoguang Feng

  3. Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

    Lingling Zhao

  4. Department of Nephrology, Anji Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversityAnji County People’s Hospital, Huzhou, 313300, Zhejiang, China

    Laiyue Luo

Authors
  1. Xu Liu
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  2. Shaoguang Feng
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  3. Lingling Zhao
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  4. Laiyue Luo
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Contributions

XL: conception and design of study, acquisition of data, revising the manuscript. SF: conception and design of study, acquisition of data, drafting the manuscript. LZ: conception and design of study, acquisition of data, drafting the manuscript. LL: conception and design of study, acquisition of data, analysis and/or interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laiyue Luo.

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Liu, X., Feng, S., Zhao, L. et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic models of gonadal and extra-gonadal yolk sac tumors: a population-based analysis in children and adolescents. World J Urol 41, 3009–3017 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-023-04616-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-023-04616-4

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