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Responses of the tropical gorgonian coral Eunicea fusca to ocean acidification conditions

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Abstract

Ocean acidification can have negative repercussions from the organism to ecosystem levels. Octocorals deposit high-magnesium calcite in their skeletons, and according to different models, they could be more susceptible to the depletion of carbonate ions than either calcite or aragonite-depositing organisms. This study investigated the response of the gorgonian coral Eunicea fusca to a range of CO2 concentrations from 285 to 4,568 ppm (pH range 8.1–7.1) over a 4-week period. Gorgonian growth and calcification were measured at each level of CO2 as linear extension rate and percent change in buoyant weight and calcein incorporation in individual sclerites, respectively. There was a significant negative relationship for calcification and CO2 concentration that was well explained by a linear model regression analysis for both buoyant weight and calcein staining. In general, growth and calcification did not stop in any of the concentrations of pCO2; however, some of the octocoral fragments experienced negative calcification at undersaturated levels of calcium carbonate (>4,500 ppm) suggesting possible dissolution effects. These results highlight the susceptibility of the gorgonian coral E. fusca to elevated levels of carbon dioxide but suggest that E. fusca could still survive well in mid-term ocean acidification conditions expected by the end of this century, which provides important information on the effects of ocean acidification on the dynamics of coral reef communities. Gorgonian corals can be expected to diversify and thrive in the Atlantic–Eastern Pacific; as scleractinian corals decline, it is likely to expect a shift in these reef communities from scleractinian coral dominated to octocoral/soft coral dominated under a “business as usual” scenario of CO2 emissions.

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Acknowledgments

The Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Studies Program and the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce (SMSFP) through the Hunterdon Oceanographic Endowment funded this study. Additional support was received from the Coral and Climate Change Laboratory (RSMAS-University of Miami) for use of the CO2 system as well as Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes and COLCIENCIAS (1204-521-28867). We greatly appreciate the collaboration of SMSFP staff, H. Reichardt, J. Piraino, S. Reed. Special thanks to S. Gunasekera, M. Boyle, J. Craft and W. Hoffman (SMSFP) and C. Mor and R. Okasaki (University of Miami). We thank Simon Davy and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that greatly improved this manuscript. This is contribution #968 of the SMSFP.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Marina-BIOMMAR, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E No 18A – 10, Bogotá, Colombia

    C. E. Gómez & J. A. Sánchez

  2. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Fort Pierce, FL, USA

    C. E. Gómez, V. J. Paul & R. Ritson-Williams

  3. Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    N. Muehllehner & C. Langdon

  4. Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA

    C. E. Gómez

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  1. C. E. Gómez
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  2. V. J. Paul
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  3. R. Ritson-Williams
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  4. N. Muehllehner
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  5. C. Langdon
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  6. J. A. Sánchez
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Correspondence to J. A. Sánchez.

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Communicated by Handling Editor Simon Davy

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Gómez, C.E., Paul, V.J., Ritson-Williams, R. et al. Responses of the tropical gorgonian coral Eunicea fusca to ocean acidification conditions. Coral Reefs 34, 451–460 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1241-3

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