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A study of late Holocene local vegetation dynamics and responses to land use changes in an ancient charcoal making woodland in the central Pyrenees (Ariège, France), using pedoanthracology

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Abstract

Human activities have profoundly transformed mountain woodland landscapes, particularly in the Pyrenees where they have intensified and diversified since the Bronze Age. Quantification of the role played by past practices with regard to woodland cover is critical for accurate assessment of how ongoing global environmental change may affect its dynamics in the future. A local study was made of charcoal remains from an ancient charcoal-making woodland (ca. 30 ha), the forêt de Bernadouze, located on a north-facing slope in the Vicdessos valley in the French central Pyrenees. This valley is well known as having had a long history of human influence related to pastoralism, iron ore mining and smelting. A total of 1,695 charcoal pieces from soils in three sampling pits were extracted, identified, quantified and dated in order to identify tree canopy openings and patterns of change in the woodland driven by past human uses. The results provide new and original insights regarding 1, the past higher biodiversity and the ancient character of the forêt de Bernadouze, 2, the dynamics and history of the main trees and 3, successive phases of human activity. We show that the current woodland has resulted from several millennia of human activities such as pasturing and use of the wood for making charcoal. From the Bronze Age, humans have progressively transformed a natural fir-dominated woodland into a managed beech-dominated one, and caused the elimination of Taxus baccata L. (yew).

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Acknowledgements

This research was carried out within the projects CHARINTER-BERNADOUZE post-doctoral project (2016–2017) and FODYNA, led by Vanessa Py-Saragaglia, which have provided financial and technical support for field investigations and radiocarbon dating. This work is part of the OHM-Haut Vicdessos interdisciplinary program headed by D. Galop, and was funded by the Labex DRIIHM, French programme “Investissements d’Avenir” (ANR-11-LABX-0010), which is managed by the ANR. The TAXUS project, funded by the laboratory GEODE (exploratory project) and led by the authors, has supported part of the radiocarbon analyses. The authors would like to thank Laure Gandois for her help during the fieldwork and her contribution to a better understanding of the soil conditions within the woodland. The help of Stéphane Binet should also be acknowledged for his contribution related to the specific weather prevalent in our study area, and that of Hugues Barcet for GIS mapping and field assistance. We would also like to thank the reviewers of this article whose comments helped us to improve it.

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  1. LABEX DRIIHM, GEODE UMR5602, CNRS Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 5, Allées A. Machado, 31058, Toulouse Cedex 1, France

    Mélanie Saulnier, Léonel Fouédjeu Foumou, Sandrine Buscaino, Jean-Paul Métailié, Didier Galop & Vanessa Py-Saragaglia

  2. Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences of Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic

    Mélanie Saulnier

  3. Department of Geography, Edifici B, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valles), Spain

    Raquel Cunill Artigas

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Saulnier, M., Cunill Artigas, R., Foumou, L.F. et al. A study of late Holocene local vegetation dynamics and responses to land use changes in an ancient charcoal making woodland in the central Pyrenees (Ariège, France), using pedoanthracology. Veget Hist Archaeobot 29, 241–258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-019-00740-7

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