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Homozygous Dkk1 Knockout Mice Exhibit High Bone Mass Phenotype Due to Increased Bone Formation

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Abstract

Wnt antagonist Dkk1 is a negative regulator of bone formation and Dkk1 +/− heterozygous mice display a high bone mass phenotype. Complete loss of Dkk1 function disrupts embryonic head development. Homozygous Dkk1 −/− mice that were heterozygous for Wnt3 loss of function mutation (termed Dkk1 KO) are viable and allowed studying the effects of homozygous inactivation of Dkk1 on bone formation. Dkk1 KO mice showed a high bone mass phenotype exceeding that of heterozygous mice as well as a high incidence of polydactyly and kinky tails. Whole body bone density was increased in the Dkk1 KO mice as shown by longitudinal dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. MicroCT analysis of the distal femur revealed up to 3-fold increases in trabecular bone volume and up to 2-fold increases in the vertebrae, compared to wild type controls. Cortical bone was increased in both the tibiae and vertebrae, which correlated with increased strength in tibial 4-point bending and vertebral compression tests. Dynamic histomorphometry identified increased bone formation as the mechanism underlying the high bone mass phenotype in Dkk1 KO mice, with no changes in bone resorption. Mice featuring only Wnt3 heterozygosity showed no evident bone phenotype. Our findings highlight a critical role for Dkk1 in the regulation of bone formation and a gene dose-dependent response to loss of DKK1 function. Targeting Dkk1 to enhance bone formation offers therapeutic potential for osteoporosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Research Building, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia

    Michelle M. McDonald, Alyson Morse, Aaron Schindeler, Kathy Mikulec, Lauren Peacock, Tegan Cheng, Justin Bobyn, Lucinda Lee & David G. Little

  2. Bone Biology Division, The Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia

    Michelle M. McDonald, Paul A. Baldock & Peter I. Croucher

  3. Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Alyson Morse, Aaron Schindeler, Tegan Cheng, Justin Bobyn, Lucinda Lee & David G. Little

  4. Embryology Unit, The Children’s Medical Research Institute, Westmead, Australia

    Patrick P. L. Tam

  5. Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Patrick P. L. Tam

Authors
  1. Michelle M. McDonald
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  2. Alyson Morse
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  3. Aaron Schindeler
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  6. Tegan Cheng
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  7. Justin Bobyn
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  8. Lucinda Lee
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  10. Peter I. Croucher
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to David G. Little.

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Conflict of interest

Drs. Aaron Schindeler and David G. Little report grants and non-financial support from Novartis Pharma, grants from N8 Medical, grants from Celgene, grants and non-financial support from Amgen Inc, outside the submitted work. Dr. Peter I. Croucher reports non-financial support from Novartis Pharma and grants from Amgen Inc outside the submitted work. Dr. Tegan Cheng receives financial support from Hyundai Help for Kids. Michelle M. McDonald, Alyson Morse, Kathy Mikulec, Lauren Peacock, Justin Bobyn, Lucinda Lee, Paul A. Baldock, and Patrick P. L. Tam declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

No patients or patient samples were used in this study. Animal studies were approved by the Southwestern Area Health Service Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead/Children’s Medical Research Institute AEC.

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McDonald, M.M., Morse, A., Schindeler, A. et al. Homozygous Dkk1 Knockout Mice Exhibit High Bone Mass Phenotype Due to Increased Bone Formation. Calcif Tissue Int 102, 105–116 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-017-0338-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-017-0338-4

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