Abstract
Poisonous animals imply a risk to human life, because their venom is a complex mixture of low molecular weight components, peptides and proteins. Hornets use the venom for self-defence, to repel intruders and to capture prey, but they can cause poisoning and allergic reactions to people. In particular, they seem to be a health problem in the countries where they are native due to their sting, which in the most severe cases can lead to severe or fatal systemic anaphylaxis. But this situation is being an emerging problem for new countries and continents because hornet incursions are increasing in the global change scenario, such as in Europe and America. Furthermore, 55 detailed cases of hornet sting were found in 27 papers during the current review where 36.4% died due to, mainly, a multi-organ failure, where renal failure and liver dysfunction were the most common complications. Moreover, the great taxonomic, ecological diversity, geographical distribution and the wide spectrum of pathophysiological symptoms of hornets have been the focus of new research. Considering this, the present systematic review summarizes the current knowledge about the components of Vespa venom and the epidemiology of its sting to serve as reference for the new research focused on the development of techniques for diagnosis, new drugs and treatments of its sting.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe T, Sugita M, Fujikura T, Hiyoshi J, Akasu M (2000) Giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) venomous phospholipases: the purification, characterization and inhibitory properties by biscoclaurine alkaloids. Toxicon 38(12):1803–1816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00109-4
An S, Chen L, Wei JF, Yang X, Ma D, Xu X, Xu X, He S, Lu J, Lai R (2012) Purification and characterization of two new allergens from the venom of Vespa magnifica. PLoS ONE 7(2):e31920. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031920
Aoki J, Inoue A, Makide K, Saiki N, Arai H (2007) Structure and function of extracellular phospholipase A1 belonging to the pancreatic lipase gene family. Biochimie 89:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2006.09.021
Archer ME (1995) Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of the Vespa mandarinia group (Hym., Vespinae). Entomol Mon Mag 131:47–53
Archer ME (1997) Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of Vespa affinis (l.) and Vespa mocsaryana Du Buysson (Hym., Vesptnae). Entomol Mon Mag 133:27–38
Archer ME (1998) Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of Vespa orientalis L. (Hym., Vespidae). Entomol Mon Mag 134:45–51
Arcuri HA, Gomes PC, de Souza BM, Dias NB, Brigatte P, Stabeli RG, Palma MS (2016) Paulistine—the functional duality of a wasp venom peptide toxin. Toxins 8(3):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8030061
Argiolas A, Pisano JJ (1984) Isolation and characterization of two new peptides, mastoparan C and crabrolin, from the venom of the European hornet, Vespa crabro. J Biol Chem 259(16):10106–10111
Aschi M, Perini N, Bouchemal N, Luzi C, Savarin P, Migliore L, Bozzi A, Sette M (2019) Structural characterization and biological activity of Crabrolin peptide isoforms with different positive charge. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Biomembr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183055
Baek JH, Oh JH, Kim YH, Lee SH (2013) Comparative transcriptome analysis of the venom sac and gland of social wasp Vespa tropica and solitary wasp Rhynchium brunneum. J Asia Pacif Entomol 16(4):497–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.08.003
Bazon ML, Perez-Riverol A, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Fernandes LGR, Lasa AM, Justo-Jacomini DL, Palma MS, Zollner RDL, Brochetto-Braga MR (2017) Heterologous expression, purification and immunoreactivity of the antigen 5 from Polybia paulista Wasp Venom. Toxins 9(9):259. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090259
Bazon M, Silveira L, Simioni P, Brochetto-Braga M (2018) Current advances in immunological studies on the vespidae venom antigen 5: therapeutic and prophylaxis to hypersensitivity responses. Toxins 10(8):305. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10080305
Blank S, Pehlivanli S, Methe H, Schmidt-Weber CB, Biedermann T, Horny HP, Kristensen T, Amar A, Köberle M, Brockow K, Stömmer PE (2019) Fatal anaphylaxis following a hornet sting in a yellow jacket venom-sensitized patient with undetected monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome and without previous history of a systemic sting reaction. J Allergy Clin Immunol Practice 8(1):401–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.06.021
Chen W, Yang X, Yang X, Zhai L, Lu Z, Liu J, Yu H (2008) Antimicrobial peptides from the venoms of Vespa bicolor Fabricius. Peptides 29(11):1887–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.018
Cheng YN, Wen P, Dong SH, Tan K, Nieh JC (2017) Poison and alarm: the Asian hornet Vespa velutina uses sting venom volatiles as an alarm pheromone. J Exp Biol. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148783
Choi MB, Kim TG, Kwon O (2019) Recent trends in wasp nest removal and Hymenoptera stings in South Korea. J Med Entomol 56(1):254–260. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy144
Ciron J, Mathis S, Iljicsov A, Boucebci S, Neau JP (2015) Multiple simultaneous intracranial hemorrhages due to hornet stings. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 128:53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.10.014
Cohen-Armon M, Visochek L, Priel E, Ishay JS (2006) A fatal effect of hornet venom on rat-brain cortical neurons. Chem Biodivers 3(5):535–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200690057
Cvetković-Matić D, Ašanin M, Matić D, Ivanović B, Simić D, Kalezić N, Stojanov V (2009) Acute myocardial infarction following a hornet sting. Vojnosanit Pregl 66(4):333–337. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP0904333C
Czaikoski PG, Menaldo DL, Marcussi S, Baseggio AL, Fuly AL, Paula RC, Quadros AU, Romão PRT, Buschini MLT, Cunha FQ, Soares AM, Monteiro MC (2010) Anticoagulant and fibrinogenolytic properties of the venom of Polybia occidentalis social wasp. Blood Coag Fibrinol 21(7):653–659. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBC.0b013e32833cea7a
Das RN, Mukherjee K (2008) Asian wasp envenomation and acute renal failure: a report of two cases. McGill J Med MJM 11(1):25
Delazari dos Santos L, dos Santos A, Pinto JR, da Silva R, Menegasso A, Menezes Saidemberg D, Caviquioli Garcia AM, Sergio Palma M (2012) Proteomic profiling of the molecular targets of interactions of the mastoparan peptide Protopolybia MP-III at the level of endosomal membranes from rat mast cells. Proteomics 12(17):2682–2693. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201200030
Dias NB, de Souza BM, Gomes PC, Brigatte P, Palma MS (2015) Peptidome profiling of venom from the social wasp Polybia paulista. Toxicon 107:290–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.013
Dongol Y, Paudel YP, Shrestha RK, Aryal G (2012) Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. Clin Kidney J 5(2):158–161. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfr171
dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, Palma MS (2018) Diversity of peptidic and proteinaceous toxins from social Hymenoptera venoms. Toxicon 148:172–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.029
Dvořák L (2006) Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 found in Mexico (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae). Entomol Probl 36(1):80
e Silva JDC, Oliveira FN, Moreira KG, Mayer AB, Freire DO, Cherobim MD, Junior NGdO, Schwartz CA, Schwartz EF, Mortari MR (2016) Pathophysiological effects caused by the venom of the social wasp Synoeca surinama. Toxicon 113:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.005
Eno AE, Owo OI, Itam EH, Konya RS (2001) Contribution of lymphocytes in edema induced by venom from the wasp (Belonogaster fuscipennis). Pharm Biol 39(4):247–252. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.4.247.5912
Esteves FG, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Saidemberg DM, Palma MS (2017) Using a proteometabolomic approach to investigate the role of Dufour's gland in pheromone biosynthesis in the social wasp Polybia paulista. J Proteom 151:122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.009
Farag R, Swaby S (2018) Antimicrobial effects of wasp (Vespa orientalis) venom. Egypt Pharm J 17(3):218
Fox SI (2011) Fisiología humana. Mc Graw Hill, Madrid
Gobbo M, Biondi L, Filira F, Rocchi R, Piek TOM (1995) Cyclic analogues of wasp kinins from Vespa analis and Vespa tropica. Int J Pept Protein Res 45(3):282–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01490.x
Haim B, Rimon A, Ishay JS, Rimon S (1999) Purification, characterization and anticoagulant activity of a proteolytic enzyme from Vespa orientalis venom. Toxicon 37(5):825–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00218-9
Han J, You D, Xu X, Han W, Lu Y, Lai R, Meng Q (2008) An anticoagulant serine protease from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica. Toxicon 51(5):914–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.002
Hayashi Y, Hirata H, Watanabe M, Yoshida N, Yokoyama T, Murayama Y, Sugiyama K, Arima M, Kukushima Y, Fukuda T, Ishii Y (2014) Epidemiologic investigation of hornet and paper wasp stings in forest workers and electrical facility field workers in Japan. Allergol Int 63(1):21–26. https://doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.13-OA-0556
Hirai Y, Yasuhara T, Yoshida H, Nakajima T (1981) A new mast cell degranulating peptide, mastoparan-M, in the venom of the hornet Vespa mandarinia. Biomed Res 2(4):447–449. https://doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.2.447
Ho CL, Lin YL, Li SF (1999) Three toxins with phospholipase activity isolated from the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa verutina) venom. Toxicon 37(7):1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00229-3
Ho CL, Shih YP, Wang KT, Yu HM (2001) Enhancing the hypotensive effect and diminishing the cytolytic activity of hornet mastoparan B by d-amino acid substitution. Toxicon 39(10):1561–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00128-3
Hoffman DR (1993) Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XXV: the amino acid sequences of antigen 5 molecules and the structural basis of antigenic cross-reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 92(5):707–716
Hoffman DR, Sakell RH, Schmidt M (2005) Sol i 1, the phospholipase allergen of imported fire ant venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115(3):611–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.020
Hoh TK, Soong CL, Cheng CT (1966) Fatal haemolysis from wasp and hornet sting. Singap Med J 7(2):122–126
Hou MH, Chuang CY, Ko TP, Hu NJ, Chou CC, Shih YP, Chewn-Lang H, Wang AHJ (2016) Crystal structure of vespid phospholipase A1 reveals insights into the mechanism for cause of membrane dysfunction. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 68:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.002
Hsieh SK, Tzen JT, Wu TY, Chen YJ, Yang WH, Huang CF, Hsieh FC, Jinn TR (2011) Functional expression and characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV from the black-bellied hornet Vespa basalis in Sf21 insect cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75(12):2371–2375. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.110571
Jacomini DLJ, Pereira FDC, dos Santos Pinto JRA, dos Santos LD, da Silva Neto AJ, Giratto DT, Palma SP, Zollner RdL, Braga MRB (2013) Hyaluronidase from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): cloning, structural modeling, purification, and immunological analysis. Toxicon 64:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.019
Jacomini DLJ, Moreira SMG, Pereira FDC, de Lima ZR, Braga MRB (2014) Reactivity of IgE to the allergen hyaluronidase from Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) venom. Toxicon 82:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.016
Jakob T, Müller U, Helbling A, Spillner E (2017) Component resolved diagnostics for hymenoptera venom allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 17(5):363. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000390
Jalaei J, Fazeli M, Rajaian H, Shekarforoush SS (2014) In vitro antibacterial effect of wasp (Vespa orientalis) venom. J Venomous Anim Toxins Include Trop Diseases 20(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-20-22
Jalaei J, Fazeli M, Rajaian H, Ghalehsoukhteh SL, Dehghani A, Winter D (2016) In vitro antihistamine-releasing activity of a peptide derived from wasp venom of Vespa orientalis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6(3):259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.12.001
Jalaei J, Layeghi-Ghalehsoukhteh S, Hosseini A, Fazeli M (2018) Antibacterial effects of gold nanoparticles functionalized with the extracted peptide from Vespa orientalis wasp venom. J Pept Sci 24(12):e3124. https://doi.org/10.1002/psc.3124
Jim SY, Wittkowski KM (2003) Inflammatory role of two venom components of yellow jackets (Vespula vulgaris): a mast cell degranulating peptide mastoparan and phospholipase A1. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 131(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070431
Jimenez SI, Gries R, Zhai H, Derstine N, McCann S, Gries G (2016) Evidence for a nest defense pheromone in bald-faced hornets, Dolichovespula maculata, and identification of components. J Chem Ecol 42(5):414–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0699-6
Kaushik DK, Thounaojam MC, Mitra A, Basu A (2014) Vespa tropica venom suppresses lipopolysaccharide-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cyto-chemokines by abrogating nuclear factor-κ B activation in microglia. Inflamm Res 63(8):657–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-014-0738-0
Khurana T, Bridgewater JL, Rabin RL (2017) Allergenic extracts to diagnose and treat sensitivity to insect venoms and inhaled allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 118(5):531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.05.026
Kimsey L, Carpenter J (2012) The vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). J Hymenoptera Res. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.28.3514
Kishimura H, Yasuhara T, Yoshida H, Nakajima T (1976) Vespakinin-M, a novel bradykinin analogue containing hydroxyproline, in the venom of Vespa mandarinia Smith. Chem Pharm Bull 24(11):2896–2897
Korantzopoulos P, Kountouris E, Voukelatou M, Charaktsis I, Dimitroula V, Siogas K (2006) Acute myocardial infarction after a European hornet sting: a case report. Angiology 57(3):383–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/000331970605700317
Korman SH, Jabbour S, Harari MD (1990) Multiple hornet (Vespa orientalis) stings with fatal outcome in a child. J Paediatr Child Health 26(5):283–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1990.tb01073.x
Korneev AS, Salikhov S, Tuĭchibaev MU (1989) Amino acid sequence of orientotoxins I and II from the venom of the hornet Vespa orientalis. Bioorg Khim 15(1):127–129
Kosnik M, Korosec P, Silar M, Music E, Erzen R (2002) Wasp venom is appropriate for immunotherapy of patients with allergic reaction to the European hornet sting. Croat Med J 43(1):25–27
Krishnakumari V, Nagaraj R (1997) Antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of crabrolin, a 13-residue peptide from the venom of the European hornet, Vespa crabro, and its analogs. J Peptide Res 50(2):88–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb01173.x
Kularatne SAM, Gawarammana IB, De Silva PHJG (2003) Severe multi-organ dysfunction following multiple wasp (Vespa affinis) stings. Ceylon Med J 48(4):146–147. https://doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v48i4.3337
Kularatne K, Kannangare T, Jayasena A, Jayasekera A, Waduge R, Weerakoon K, Kularatne SA (2014) Fatal acute pulmonary oedema and acute renal failure following multiple wasp/hornet (Vespa affinis) stings in Sri Lanka: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 8(1):188. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-8-188
Landolt PJ, Monzon Sierra J, Unruh TR, Zack RS (2010) A new species of Vespula, and first record of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Guatemala. Central America Zootaxa 2629:61–68
Laurino D, Lioy S, Carisio L, Manino A, Porporato M (2020) Vespa velutina: an alien driver of honey bee colony losses. Diversity 12(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010005
Lee VSY, Tu WC, Jinn TR, Peng CC, Lin LJ, Tzen JTC (2007) Molecular cloning of the precursor polypeptide of mastoparan B and its putative processing enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, from the black-bellied hornet, Vespa basalis. Insect Mol Biol 16(2):231–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00718.x
Lee S, Baek J, Yoon K (2016) Differential properties of venom peptides and proteins in solitary vs social hunting wasps. Toxins 8(2):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8020032
Levine HD (1976) Acute myocardial infarction following wasp sting: report of two cases and critical survey of the literature. Am Heart J 91(3):365–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(76)80222-0
Li XD, Liu Z, Zhai Y, Zhao M, Shen HY, Li Y, Zheng B, Liu T (2015) Acute interstitial nephritis following multiple Asian giant hornet stings. Am J Case Rep 16:371. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.893734
Lin CC, Chang MY, Lin JL (2003) Hornet sting induced systemic allergic reaction and large local reaction with bulle formation and rhabdomyolysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(7):1009–1011. https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-120026527
Lin CH, Tzen JT, Shyu CL, Yang MJ, Tu WC (2011) Structural and biological characterization of mastoparans in the venom of Vespa species in Taiwan. Peptides 32(10):2027–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2011.08.015
Liu Z, Chen S, Zhou Y, Xie C, Zhu B, Zhu H, Liu S, Wang W, Chen H, Ji Y (2015) Deciphering the venomic transcriptome of killer-wasp Vespa velutina. Sci Rep 5:9454. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09454
Lopes KS, Campos GAA, Camargo LC, de Souza ACB, Ibituruna BV, Magalhães ACM, da Rocha LF, Garcia AB, Rodrigues MC, Ribeiro DM, Costa MC, López MHM, Nolli LM, Zamundio-Zuniga F, Possani LD, Swartz EF, Mortari MR (2017) Characterization of two peptides isolated from the venom of social wasp Chartergellus communis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): influence of multiple alanine residues and C-terminal amidation on biological effects. Peptides 95:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.012
Macchia D, Cortellini G, Mauro M, Meucci E, Quercia O, Manfredi M, Massolo A, Valentini M, Severino M, Passalacqua G (2018) Vespa crabro immunotherapy versus Vespula-venom immunotherapy in Vespa crabro allergy: a comparison study in field re-stings. World Allergy Organ J 11(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-018-0183-6
Maugeri R, Giammalva RG, Graziano F, Basile L, Gulì C, Giugno A, Iacopino DG (2017) Never say never again: a bone graft infection due to a hornet sting, thirty-nine years after cranioplasty. Surg Neurol Int. https://doi.org/10.4103/sni.sni_68_17
Mendonça A, Paula MC, Fernandes WD, Andrade LHC, Lima SM, Antonialli-Junior WF (2017) Variation in Venoms of Polybia paulista Von Ihering and Polybia occidentalis Olivier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Assessed by the FTIR-PAS Technique. Neotrop Entomol 46(1):8–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-016-0426-6
Mingomataj E, Priftanji A, Qirko E, Dinh QT, Fischer A, Peiser C, Groneberg DA (2002) Specific immunotherapy in Albanian patients with anaphylaxis to hymenoptera venoms. BMC Dermatol 2(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-2-11
Miroshnikov AI, Snezhkova LG, Nazimov IV, Reshetova OI, Rozynov BV, Gushchin IS (1981) Structure and properties of histamine-releasing peptides from the venom of the hornet Vespa orientalis. Soviet J Bioorg Chem 7:1467–1477
Moawad TI, Hoffman DR, Zalat S (2005) Isolation, cloning and characterization of Polistes dominulus venom phospholipase A1 and its isoforms. Acta Biol Hung 56(3–4):261–274. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.56.2005.3-4.9
Monsalve RI, Gutiérrez R, Hoof I, Lombardero M (2019) Purification and molecular characterization of phospholipase, antigen 5 and hyaluronidases from the venom of the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225672
Monteiro MC, Romão PR, Soares AM (2009) Pharmacological perspectives of wasp venom. Protein Pept Lett 16(8):944–952. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986609788923275
Mortari MR, do Couto LL, dos Anjos LC, Mourão CBF, Camargos TS, Vargas JAG, Oliveira FN, Gati CDC, Schwartz CA, Schwartz EF (2012) Pharmacological characterization of Synoeca cyanea venom: an aggressive social wasp widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Toxicon 59(1):163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.002
Mortari MR, Cunha AOS, Carolino ROG, Silva JDCE, Lopes NP, Santos WFD (2016) Evaluation of Thr6-bradykinin purified from Polybia occidentalis wasp venom in the choline uptake of mammal cortices. Pharm Biol 54(12):3169–3171. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1211715
Murata K, Shinada T, Ohfune Y, Hisada M, Yasuda A, Naoki H, Nakajima T (2009) Novel mastoparan and protonectin analogs isolated from a solitary wasp, Orancistrocerus drewseni drewseni. Amino Acids 37(2):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0166-y
Nakajima T, Yasuhara T, Uzu S, Wakamatsu K, Miyazawa T, Fukuda K, Tsukamoto Y (1985) Wasp venom peptides; wasp kinins, new cytotrophic peptide families and their physico-chemical properties. Peptides 6:425–430
Nittner-Marszalska M, Liebhart J, Dor-Wojnarowska A (2015) Sex-related clinical aspects in insect venom anaphylaxis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 28(2):187–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0394632015586143
Okutucu S, Sabanov C, Abdulhayoglu E, Aksu NM, Erbil B, Aytemir K, Özkutlu H (2011) A rare cause of atrial fibrillation: a European hornet sting/Nadir bir atriyal fibrilasyon nedeni: Avrupa esek arisi sokmasi. Anadulu Kardiyoloji Dergisi AKD 11(6):559
Ombati R, Wang Y, Du C, Lu X, Li B, Nyachieo A, Li Y, Yang S, Lai R (2018) A membrane disrupting toxin from wasp venom underlies the molecular mechanism of tissue damage. Toxicon 148:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.011
Ono M, Terabe H, Hori H, Sasaki M (2003) Insect signalling: components of giant hornet alarm pheromone. Nature 424(6949):637. https://doi.org/10.1038/424637a
Ono T, Iida M, Mori Y, Nejima R, Iwasaki T, Amano S, Miyata K (2018) Outcomes of bee sting injury: comparison of hornet and paper wasp. Jpn J Ophthalmol 62(2):221–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0563-z
Palma MS (2013) Hymenoptera insect peptides. In: Kastin AJ (ed) Handbook of biologically active peptides, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 416–422
Perez-Riverol A, Justo-Jacomini D, Zollner R, Brochetto-Braga M (2015) Facing Hymenoptera venom allergy: from natural to recombinant allergens. Toxins 7(7):2551–2570. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7072551
Perez-Riverol A, Pereira FDC, Lasa AM, Fernandes LGR, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Justo-Jacomini DL, de Azevedo GO, Bazon ML, Palma MS, Zollner RdL, Brochetto-Braga MR (2016) Molecular cloning, expression and IgE-immunoreactivity of phospholipase A1, a major allergen from Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) venom. Toxicon 124:44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.006
Perez-Riverol A, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Lasa AM, Palma MS, Brochetto-Braga MR (2017) Wasp venomic: unravelling the toxins arsenal of Polybia paulista venom and its potential pharmaceutical applications. J Proteom 161:88–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.016
Perez-Riverol A, Fernandes LGR, Lasa AM, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Abram DM, Moraes GHI, Jabs F, Miehe M, Seismman H, Palma MP, de Lima ZR, Spillner E, Brochetto-Braga MR (2018) Phospholipase A1-based cross-reactivity among venoms of clinically relevant Hymenoptera from Neotropical and temperate regions. Mol Immunol 93:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.007
Quercia O, Foschi FG, Marsigli L, Rafanelli S, Stefanini GF (2001) Immunotherapy despite anaphylaxis-induced myocardial infarction. Allergy 56(1):89–89. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00917.x
Ralapanawa DMPUK, Kularatne SAM (2014) A case of Kounis syndrome after a hornet sting and literature review. BMC Res Notes 7(1):867. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-867
Ravikiran NSR, Manya S, Baliga K, Bhat KG (2019) Acute Liver injury, Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure in a Toddler due to Multiple Stings by Vespa affinis. J Clin Diagn Res. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2019/40239.12582
Rungsa P, Incamnoi P, Sukprasert S, Uawonggul N, Klaynongsruang S, Daduang J, Patramanon R, Roytrakul DS (2016a) Comparative proteomic analysis of two wasps venom, Vespa tropica and Vespa affinis. Toxicon 119:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.005
Rungsa P, Incamnoi P, Sukprasert S, Uawonggul N, Klaynongsruang S, Daduang J, Patramanon R, Roytrakul S, Daduang S (2016b) Cloning, structural modelling and characterization of VesT2s, a wasp venom hyaluronidase (HAase) from Vespa tropica. J Venom Anim Toxins Include Trop Diseases 22(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-016-0084-5
Rungsa P, Peigneur S, Daduang S, Tytgat J (2018) Purification and biochemical characterization of VesT1s, a novel phospholipase A1 isoform isolated from the venom of the greater banded wasp Vespa tropica. Toxicon 148:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.015
Rungsa P, Janpan P, Saengkun Y, Jangpromma N, Klaynongsruang S, Patramanon R, Uawonggul N, Daduang J, Daduang S (2019) Heterologous expression and mutagenesis of recombinant Vespa affinis hyaluronidase protein (rVesA2). J Venom Anim Toxins Include Trop Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0030
Sadler EA, Pitts JP, Wilson JS (2018) Stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), which species have the longest sting? PeerJ 6:e4743. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4743
Sakhuja V, Bhalla A, Pereira BJG, Kapoor MM, Bhusnurmath SR, Chugh KS (1988) Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. Nephron 49(4):319–321
Santos LD, Santos KS, de Souza BM, Arcuri HA, Cunha-Neto E, Castro FM, Kalil JE, Palma MS (2007) Purification, sequencing and structural characterization of the phospholipase A1 from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Toxicon 50(7):923–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.027
Schmidt JO (2018) Clinical consequences of toxic envenomations by Hymenoptera. Toxicon 150:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.05.013
Schmidt JO, Yamane S, Matsuura M, Starr CK (1986) Hornet venoms: lethalities and lethal capacities. Toxicon 24(9):950–954
Sharma A, Wanchu A, Mahesha V, Sakhuja V, Bambery P, Singh S (2006a) Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis leading to acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. BMC Nephrol 7(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-7-18
Sharma N, Balamurugeshan PK, Sharma A (2006b) Acute pancreatitis and acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. J Venom Anim Toxins Include Trop Diseases 12(2):310–314
Shilkin KB, Chen BT, Khoo OT (1972) Rhabdomyolysis caused by hornet venom. BMJ 1(5793):156
Shin YS, Liu JN, Hur GY, Hwang EK, Nam YH, Jin HJ, Lee SM, Ye YM, Nahm DH, Park HS (2012) Clinical features and the diagnostic value of component allergen-specific IgE in Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 4(5):284–289. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2012.4.5.284
Silva JC, Neto LM, Neves RC, Gonçalves JC, Trentini MM, Mucury-Filho R, Smidt KS, Fensterseifer IC, Silva ON, Lima LD, Clissa PB, Vilela N, Guilhelmelli F, Silva LP, Rangel M, Kipnis A, Silva-Pereira I, Franco OL, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Bocca AL, Mortari MR (2017) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the mastoparan Polybia-MPII isolated from venom of the social wasp Pseudopolybia vespiceps testacea (Vespidae, hymenoptera). Int J Antimicrob Agents 49(2):167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.013
Sookrung N, Wong-Din-Dam S, Tungtrongchitr A, Reamtong O, Indrawattana N, Sakolvaree Y, Visitsunthorn N, Manuyakorn W, Chaicumpa W (2014) Proteome and allergenome of Asian wasp, Vespa affinis, venom and IgE reactivity of the venom components. J Proteome Res 13(3):1336–1344. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr4009139
Spradbery JP (1973) Wasps. An account of the biology and natural history of social and solitary wasps, with particular reference to those of the British Isles. Sigwick and Jackson, London
Sturm GJ, Jin C, Kranzelbinder B, Hemmer W, Sturm EM, Griesbacher A, Heinemann A, Vollmann J, Altmann F, Crailsheim K, Focke M, Aberer W (2011) Inconsistent results of diagnostic tools hamper the differentiation between bee and vespid venom allergy. PLoS ONE 6(6):e20842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020842
Sukprasert S, Rungsa P, Uawonggul N, Incamnoi P, Thammasirirak S, Daduang J, Daduang S (2013) Purification and structural characterisation of phospholipase A1 (Vespapase, Ves a 1) from Thai banded tiger wasp (Vespa affinis) venom. Toxicon 61:151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.024
Thiéry D, Bonnard O, Riquier L, de Revel G, Monceau K (2018) An alarm pheromone in the venom gland of Vespa velutina: evidence revisited from the European invasive population. Entomol Generalis 38(2):145–156. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2018/0719
Todokoro Y, Yumen I, Fukushima K, Kang SW, Park JS, Kohno T, Wakamatsu K, Akutsu H, Fujiwara T (2006) Structure of tightly membrane-bound mastoparan-X, a G-protein-activating peptide, determined by solid-state NMR. Biophys J 91(4):1368–1379. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.082735
Tsai CL, Fang CC, Chen WJ, Dierberg K (2005) Hornet sting-induced toxic hepatitis. Clin Toxicol 43(2):127–128. https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-50386
Vetter RS, Visscher PK, Camazine S (1999) Mass envenomations by honey bees and wasps. West J Med 170(4):223
Vikrant S, Pandey D, Machhan P, Gupta D, Kaushal SS, Grover N (2005) Wasp envenomation-induced acute renal failure: a report of three cases (case report). Nephrology 10(6):548–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2005.00482.x
Visitsunthorn N, Kijmassuwan T, Visitsunthorn K, Pacharn P, Jirapongsananuruk O (2019) Clinical characteristics of allergy to Hymenoptera stings. Pediatr Emerg Care 35(9):600–604. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001200
Watemberg N, Weizman Z, Shahak E, Aviram M, Maor E (1995) Fatal multiple organ failure following massive hornet stings. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33(5):471–474. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563659509013757
Witharana EWRA, Wijesinghe SKJ, Pradeepa KSM, Karunaratne WAIP, Jayasinghe S (2015) Bee and wasp stings in Deniyaya; a series of 322 cases. Ceylon Med J 60(1):5–9
Xu X, Li J, Lu Q, Yang H, Zhang Y, Lai R (2006a) Two families of antimicrobial peptides from wasp (Vespa magnifica) venom. Toxicon 47(2):249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.015
Xu X, Yang H, Yu H, Li J, Lai R (2006b) The mastoparanogen from wasp. Peptides 27(12):3053–3057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2006.09.003
Yanagawa Y, Morita K, Sugiura T, Okada Y (2007) Cutaneous hemorrhage or necrosis findings after Vespa mandarinia (wasp) stings may predict the occurrence of multiple organ injury: a case report and review of literature. Clin Toxicol 45(7):803–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650701664871
Yang H, Xu X, Ma D, Zhang K, Lai R (2008) A phospholipase A1 platelet activator from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica (Smith). Toxicon 51(2):289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.003
Yang X, Wang Y, Lu Z, Zhai L, Jiang J, Liu J, Yu H (2009) A novel serine protease inhibitor from the venom of Vespa bicolor Fabricius. Comp Biochem Physiol B: Biochem Mol Biol 153(1):116–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.02.010
Yang X, Wang Y, Lee WH, Zhang Y (2013) Antimicrobial peptides from the venom gland of the social wasp Vespa tropica. Toxicon 74:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.056
Yasuhara T, Yoshida H, Nakajima T (1977) Chemical Investigation of the Hornet (Vespa xanthoptera CAMERON) Venom. The structure of a new Bradykinin analogue "Vespakinin-X". Chem Pharm Bull 25(5):936–941
Yoon KA, Kim K, Nguyen P, Seo JB, Park YH, Kim KG, Seo HY, Koh YH, Lee SH (2015) Comparative functional venomics of social hornets Vespa crabro and Vespa analis. J Asia Pacif Entomol 18(4):815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.10.005
Yu H, Yang H, Ma D, Lv Y, Liu T, Zhang K, Lai R, Liu J (2007) Vespid chemotactic peptide precursor from the wasp, Vespa magnifica (Smith). Toxicon 50(3):377–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.023
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the library services of the University of the Balearic Islands and the University of Murcia for their support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by CH, ML and EM-L. The first draft of the manuscript was written by CH and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
This contribution is a systematic review and does not warrant an ethical statement.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Herrera, C., Leza, M. & Martínez-López, E. Diversity of compounds in Vespa spp. venom and the epidemiology of its sting: a global appraisal. Arch Toxicol 94, 3609–3627 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02859-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02859-3