Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) was targeted as the marker for bacterial occurrence inside yeast. Detection of only few bacteria in old and new generations of yeast raised the question of how yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria. One gastric C. tropicalis that showed concurrence of H. pylori and Staphylococcus 16S rDNA was stained for assessing the viability of intracellular bacteria. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-PG monoclonal antibody (APGMAb) was used for detection of PG inside yeast by direct immunofluorescence. APGMAb-coated magnetic beads were used for separation of bacteria from disrupted yeasts. Bead-bound bacteria were separated, fixed, stained, and examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bead-bound bacteria were cultured and identified by amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated occurrence of few live bacteria inside yeast cells. FITC- APGMAb interacted with PG of intracellular bacteria, appearing as few green spots in mother and daughter yeast cells. Interestingly, PG fragments were also detected in the exterior of yeast cells. SEM observations showed separated bead-bound bacilli and cocci. Culture of Staphylococcus was positive. Sequencing results confirmed identity of separated bacteria as H. pylori and Staphylococcus. PG detected inside yeast may have belonged to H. pylori, Staphylococcus or any other intracellular bacteria that coexisted in yeast as its microbiome. Detection of only few intracellular bacteria in old and new generations of yeast as well as PG fragments in their exterior suggested that yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria at low rate by hydrolysis and exporting of PG.
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Parts of this study have been presented as a poster in the 34th Workshop of European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), 2021.
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Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt.
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Supplementary Video 1. Live and actively moving bacteria inside the vacuole of yeast cells (AVI 69362 kb)
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Heydari, S., Malekzadeh, R., Jazayeri, M.H. et al. Detection of peptidoglycan in yeast as a marker for the presence or abundance of intracellular Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus. Arch Microbiol 204, 407 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03045-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03045-y