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Numerical simulations of buoyancy-driven flows using adaptive mesh refinement: structure and dynamics of a large-scale helium plume

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Abstract

The physical characteristics and evolution of a large-scale helium plume are examined through a series of numerical simulations with increasing physical resolution using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The five simulations each model a 1-m-diameter circular helium plume exiting into a \((4~\hbox {m})^3\) domain and differ solely with respect to the smallest scales resolved using the AMR, spanning resolutions from 15.6 mm down to 0.976 mm. As the physical resolution becomes finer, the helium–air shear layer and subsequent Kelvin–Helmholtz instability are better resolved, leading to a shift in the observed plume structure and dynamics. In particular, a critical resolution is found between 3.91 and 1.95 mm, below which the mean statistics and frequency content of the plume are altered by the development of a Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability near the centerline in close proximity to the plume base. Comparisons are made with prior experimental and computational results, revealing that the presence of the RT instability leads to reduced centerline axial velocities and higher puffing frequencies than when the instability is absent. An analysis of velocity and scalar gradient quantities, and the dynamics of the vorticity in particular, show that gravitational torque associated with the RT instability is responsible for substantial vorticity production in the flow. The grid-converged simulations performed here indicate that very high spatial resolutions are required to accurately capture the near-field structure and dynamics of large-scale plumes, particularly with respect to the development of fundamental flow instabilities.

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Acknowledgements

Helpful discussions with Drs. Andrew Nonaka, Alexei Poludnenko, and Chad Hoffman are gratefully acknowledged. NTW, ASM, JFG, JWD, GBR, and PEH were supported, in part, by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program under Grant W912HQ-16-C-0026. MAM and CL were supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Program. NTW, CL, GBR, and PEH also acknowledge gift support from the 3M Company. Computing resources were provided by DoD HPCMP under a Frontier Project award.

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  1. University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Nicholas T. Wimer, Caelan Lapointe, Michael A. Meehan, Amanda S. Makowiecki, Jeffrey F. Glusman, John W. Daily, Gregory B. Rieker & Peter E. Hamlington

  2. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Marcus S. Day

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Wimer, N.T., Day, M.S., Lapointe, C. et al. Numerical simulations of buoyancy-driven flows using adaptive mesh refinement: structure and dynamics of a large-scale helium plume. Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 35, 61–91 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-020-00548-6

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