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Granite-related high-temperature hydrothermal uranium mineralisation: evidence from the alteration fingerprint associated with an early Yanshanian magmatic event in the Nanling belt, SE China

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Abstract

The Baishuizhai, Shituling and Zhushanxia deposits from the Xiazhuang district represent to date the only known occurrences of early Yanshanian (Middle to Upper Jurassic) granite-related high-temperature hydrothermal uranium deposits (175–145 Ma) in the Nanling Metallogenic Belt, South China. Whole-rock geochemistry of ore samples combined with chemical and mineralogical signatures of the hydrothermal phases associated with the U mineralisation characterised a coeval potassic and propylitic alteration fingerprint: (i) the potassic alteration is defined by Na and Ca depletion of the granitic host rock and precipitation of adularia, dioctahedral Fe-muscovite, biotite and secondary quartz; and (ii) the propylitic alteration is marked by whole-rock enrichment in Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn and Ti mainly associated with the precipitation of (Mn)-epidote, Fe-chlorite, fluorapatite, titanite, calcite, APS and Fe-Cu-Pb-Cd-Bi-Mo-sulfide minerals. The high-temperature conditions of the hydrothermal system was demonstrated by the typologies of alteration such as greisen, chlorite geothermometry giving temperature estimates of the ore fluid ranging from 316 to 455°C, minor W mineralisation and the high Zr contents in titanite. Besides, high Rb, Ba, Be, Y, Nb, W, Ta and Mo contents in ore samples, mineral assemblages and chemical signatures of the hydrothermal phases showed evidence for the alteration of fractionated felsic granitic host rocks and the contribution of enriched magmatic-derived fluids. Therefore, these characteristics define a magmatic-hydrothermal genetic model directly related to the intrusion of early Yanshanian granites in the Nanling belt. In this new metallogenic model, highly fractionated high-K calc-alkaline A2-type granitic plutons have provided magmatic fluids, heat and metal sources to the early Yanshanian high-temperature hydrothermal U system. Uranium (±W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Li)-rich fluids were derived from fractionated peraluminous residual silicate melts. Uranium was enriched in a high-temperature, highly saline, F-rich, acid and reducing fluid, and dominantly carried as fluoride complexes. This mineralising fluid percolated in the Indosinian U-rich host granites within the cupolas of early Yanshanian granites and produced characteristic propylitic and potassic (including greisen) hydrothermal alteration. During the hydrothermal alteration, the pH and T variations of the mineralising fluid and the subsequent precipitation of F- and P-bearing hydrothermal phases induced the destabilisation of U complexes, winch eventually triggered the deposition of the U mineralisation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to the colleagues from the Research Institute No. 290, BOG, CNNC in Shaoguan, Guangdong, for their field support and access to the mine sites. The authors also acknowledge the collaboration of Dr Guolin Guo for the acquisition of EPMA data, Dr Xuefen Zhang for the petrographic observations performed by SEM, and Dr Kaixing Wang for providing the authors with insightful literature. The authors are grateful to Cora McKenna, Dr Gary O’Sullivan and Dr Chris Mark for their assistance during LA-ICP-MS analytical sessions. Finally, the authors would like to thank editor in-chief Bernd Lehmann, associate editor Mostafa Fayek and one anonymous reviewer for improving this paper.

Funding

Financial support for this study was provided by the East China University of Technology in Nanchang, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number: 41750110482) and by the Bureau of Geology of the Chinese National Nuclear Corporation (BOG, CNNC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China

    Christophe Bonnetti & Xiaodong Liu

  2. School of Natural Sciences, Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Thomas Riegler

  3. GeoRessources, CNRS, CREGU, Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France

    Michel Cuney

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  1. Christophe Bonnetti
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  2. Thomas Riegler
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  3. Xiaodong Liu
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  4. Michel Cuney
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Contributions

- Dr. Christophe Bonnetti conducted the study and wrote the manuscript.

- Dr. Thomas Riegler contributed in the data acquisition and processing, and revised the manuscript.

- Prof. Xiaodong Liu contributred in the scientific discussion and revised the manuscript.

- Dr. Michel Cuney contributred in the scientific discussion and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Christophe Bonnetti or Xiaodong Liu.

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Fig. A

Cross sections of the Shituling (1), Baishuizhai (2) and Zhushanxia (3) deposits showing the location of the studied samples (modified after Dahlkamp 2009; Du and Wang 2009; CNNC unpublished data). To be noted that it is unsure whether the intrusion characterised as “Early Yanshanian (early intrusion)” for Shituling and Baishuizhai deposits belong to the early Yanshanian or Indosinian stage. (PNG 585 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 15061 kb)

Fig. B

Backscattered electron photographs of the hydrothermal alteration minerals associated with the uranium mineralisation from Baishuizhai, Shituling and Zhushanxia deposits in Xiazhuang ore field. (1) Disseminated aggregates of sub-idiomorphic uraninite from the Baishuizhai deposit associated with secondary quartz and muscovite; (2) pitchblende spherulites and uraninite crystals from the Shituling deposit associated with hydrothermal garnet, quatrz, calcite and greenockite; (3) Fe-W oxide and quartz associated with a pitchblende vein from the Shituling deposit; (4) Aggregates of kaolinite crystals associated with pitchblende from the Shituling deposit; (5) hydrothermal titanite associated with chlorite, calcite and microcrystalline quartz; (6) intergrowth of hydrothermal muscovite and epidote; (7) polysulphide agreggate of chalcopyrite, galena, bismuthinite and greenockite associated with epidote and chlorite; (8) molybdenite crystal associated with epidote, chlorite and quartz. Bi = bismuthinite, Cal = calcite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Chl = chlorite, Ep = epidote, Gk = greenockite, Gn = galena, Ill = illite, Kln = kaolinite, Ms = muscovite, Mol = molybdenite, Pit = pitchblende, Qtz = quartz, Ttn = titanite, Ur = uraninite. Circles in yellow colour indicate the location of EPMA datapoints and the green squares indicate the location of LA-ICP-MS spots. (PNG 8292 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 31757 kb)

Fig. C

SEM-EDS X-ray maps of a mineralised zone from the Baishuizhai deposit showing the chemical/mineralogical features of the hydrothermal alteration. (1) BSE image of the mapped area showing disseminated uraninite associated with muscovite, epidote, illite, calcite and quartz; (2) composite elemental map showing the spatial distribution of U, Mn, K and Si; (3–9) U, Si, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Mn elemental maps. Cal = calcite, Ep = epidote, Ill = illite, Ms = muscovite, Qtz = quartz. (PNG 3274 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 56500 kb)

Fig. D

SEM-EDS X-ray maps of the U mineralisation from the Shituling deposit showing the chemical/mineralogical features of the hydrothermal alteration. (1) composite elemental map showing the spatial distribution of U, Ca and Si of a mineralised area in sample STL-02; (2–6) U, Ca, Si, Al and Fe elemental maps of (1). Cal = calcite, Grt = garnet, Pit = pitchblende, Qtz = quartz. (PNG 5070 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 80459 kb)

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Bonnetti, C., Riegler, T., Liu, X. et al. Granite-related high-temperature hydrothermal uranium mineralisation: evidence from the alteration fingerprint associated with an early Yanshanian magmatic event in the Nanling belt, SE China. Miner Deposita 58, 427–460 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01137-9

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