Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Geology, S–Pb isotopes, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Zhaxikang Sb–Pb–Zn–Ag deposit in Southern Tibet: implications for multiple mineralization events at Zhaxikang

  • Article
  • Published:
Mineralium Deposita Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Several Au, Sb, Sb–Au, Pb–Zn, and Sb–Pb–Zn–Ag deposits are present throughout the North Himalaya in southern Tibet, China. The largest Sb–Pb–Zn–Ag deposit is Zhaxikang (18 Mt at 0.6 wt% Sb, 2.0 wt% Pb, 3.5 wt% Zn, and 78 g/t Ag). Zhaxikang veins are hosted within N–S trending faults, which crosscut the Early–Middle Jurassic Ridang Formation consisting of shale interbedded with sandstone and limestone deposited on a passive continental margin. Ore paragenesis indicates that Zhaxikang mineralization occurred in two main phases composed of six total stages. The initial phase was characterized by assemblages of fine-grained Mn–Fe carbonate + arsenopyrite + pyrite + sphalerite (stage 1), followed by relatively coarse-grained Mn–Fe carbonate + Fe-rich sphalerite + galena + pyrite (stage 2). The second phase was marked by assemblages of quartz + pyrite + Fe-poor sphalerite and Ag-rich galena + tetrahedrite + sericite (stage 3), quartz + Sb–Pb sulfosalt minerals mainly composed of boulangerite and jamesonite (stage 4), quartz + stibnite ± cinnabar (stage 5), and quartz ± calcite (stage 6). Sulfides of stage 2 have δ34SV–CDT of 8.4–12.0‰, 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 19.648 to 19.659, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.788 to 15.812, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 40.035 to 40.153. Sulfides of stage 3 have similar δ34SV–CDT of 6.1–11.2‰ and relatively more radiogenic lead isotopes (206Pb/204Pb = 19.683–19.792). Stage 4 Sb–Pb sulfosalt minerals have δ34SV–CDT of 5.0–7.2‰ and even more radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb = 19.811–19.981). By contrast, stibnite of stage 5 has δ34SV–CDT of 4.5–7.8‰ and less radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb = 18.880–18.974). Taken together with the geological observations that the Pb–Zn-bearing Mn–Fe carbonate veins were crosscut by various types of quartz veins, sphalerite and galena of stage 2 underwent dissolution and remobilization, and that Sb–Pb(−Fe) sulfosalts formed at the expense of Pb from stage 2 galena and of Fe from stage 2 sphalerite, we argue that the early Pb–Zn veins were overprinted by later Sb-rich fluids. Stage 2 fluids were likely acidic and oxidized and leached lead from high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Greater Himalayan crystalline complex (GHC) and sulfur from reduced rocks, such as slate of the Ridang Formation, along N–S trending faults, leading to precipitation of Pb–Zn sulfides and Mn–Fe carbonate and formation of solution collapse breccias. Later Sb-rich fluids leached Pb from the GHC and the pre-existing sulfides and deposited Fe-poor sphalerite, Ag-rich galena, tetrahedrite, Sb–Pb sulfosalts, and stibnite in quartz veins that cut pre-existing Pb–Zn-bearing Mn–Fe carbonate veins. The Sb-rich fluids also likely leached Pb from Early Cretaceous gabbro and formed stibnite at shallow levels where early Pb-Zn-bearing Mn-Fe carbonate veins are absent. A sericite 40Ar–39Ar plateau age of 17.9 ± 0.5 Ma from stage 3 veins represents the timing of the onset of stage 3 mineralization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aikman A, Haarrison TM, Hermann J (2012) Age and thermal history of Eo- and Neohimalayan granitoids, eastern Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 51:85–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GM, Macqueen RW (1982) Ore deposits models—6. Mississippi Valley-type lead zinc deposits. Geosci Can 9:108–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Armijo R, Tapponnier P, Mercier JL, Han TL (1986) Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: field observations and tectonic implications. J Geophys Res 91:13803–13872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett TJ, Anderson GM (1988) The solubility of sphalerite and galena in 1–5 m NaCl solutions to 300°C. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:813–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaudoin G (1997) Proterozoic Pb isotope evolution in the belt-Purcell basin: constraints from syngenetic and epigenetic sulfide deposits. Econ Geol 92:343–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaudoin G, Sangster DF (1992) A descriptive model for silver-lead-zinc veins in clastic metasedimentary terrane. Econ Geol 87:1005–1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blisniuk PM, Hacker BR, Glodny J, Ratschbacher L, Bi SW, Wu ZH, McWilliams MO, Calvert A (2001) Normal faulting in central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago. Nature 412:628–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brookfield ME (1993) The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times. Sediment Geol 84:1–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burchfiel BC, Chen Z, Hodges KV, Liu Y, Royden LH, Deng C, Xu J (1992) The South Tibet detachment system, Himalayan orogen: extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 269:1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Burg JP, Leyreloup A, Girardeau J, Chen G (1987) Structure and metamorphism of a tectonically thickened continental crust: the Yalu Tsangpo suture (Tibet). Philos Trans R Soc Lond A Math Phys Eng Sci A321:67–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chemenda AI, Burg JP, Mattauer M (2000) Evolutionary model of the Himalaya Tibet system: Geopoem based on new modelling, geological and geophysical data. Earth Planet Sci Lett 174:397–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu MF, Chung SL, O'Reilly SY, Pearson NJ, Wu FY, Li XH, Liu DY, Ji JQ, Chu CH, Lee HY (2011) India's hidden inputs to Tibetan orogeny revealed by Hf isotopes of Transhimalayan zircons and host rocks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 307:479–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Wang QF (2015) Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces, deposit types and tectonic framework. Gondwana Res 26:219–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Wang QF, Li GJ, Santosh M (2014a) Cenozoic tectono-magmatic and metallogenic processes in the Sanjiang region, southwestern China. Earth Sci Rev 138:268–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Wang QF, Li GJ, Li CS, Wang CM (2014b) Tethys tectonic evolution and its bearing on the distribution of important mineral deposits in the Sanjiang region, SW China. Gondwana Res 26:419–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Yuan WM, Carranza EJM, Yang LQ, Wang CM, Yang LY, Hao NN (2014c) Geochronology and thermochronometry of the Jiapigou gold belt, northeastern China: new evidence for multiple episodes of mineralization. J Asian Earth Sci 89:10–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Wang QF, Li GJ (2017) Tectonic evolution, superimposed orogeny, and composite metallogenic system in China. Gondwana Res. doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.02.005

  • Duan JL, Tang JX, Lin B (2016) Zinc and lead isotope signatures of the Zhaxikang Pb-ZnPb–Zn deposit, South Tibet: implications for the source of the ore-forming metals. Ore Geol Rev 78:58–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards MA, Harrison TM (1997) When did the roof collapse? Late Miocene north–south extension in the high Himalaya revealed by Th–Pb monazite dating of the Khula Kangri granite. Geology 25:543–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleck RJ, Criss RE, Eaton GF, Cleland RW, Wavra CS, Bond WD (2002) Age and origin of base and precious metal veins of the Coeur d’Alene mining district, Idaho. Econ Geol 97:23–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gariéepy C, Allèegre CJ, Xu RH (1985) The Pb-isotope geochemistry of granitoids from the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone: implications for crustal evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 74:220–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godin L, Grujic D, Law RD, Searle MP (2006) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: an introduction. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ Lond 268:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb RJ, Taylora RD, Collins GS, Goryachev NA, Orlandini OF (2014) Phanerozoic continental growth and gold metallogeny of Asia. Gondwana Res 25:48–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gützmer J (2005) Paleoproterozoic carbonate-hosted Pering Zn-Pb deposit, South Africa: I. Styles of brecciation and mineralization. Mineral Deposita 40:664–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitzman MW, Redmond PB, Beaty DW (2002) The carbonate-hosted Lisheen Zn-Pb-ag deposit, county Tipperary, Ireland. Econ Geol 97:1627–1655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HMCL (2012) Ore resource report of the Zhaxikang Sb–Pb–Zn–ag deposit, southern Tibet (internal report): Huayu mining corporation, Tibet (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges KV (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:324–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoefs J (2009) Isotope fractionation processes of selected elements. Stable isotope geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp 35–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstra AH, Cline JS (2000) Characteristics and models for Carlin-type gold deposits. Rev Econ Geol 13:163–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou ZQ, Zhang HR (2015) Geodynamics and metallogeny of the eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. Ore Geol Rev 70:346–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hou ZQ, Zheng YC, Zeng LS, Gao LE, Huang KX, Li W, Li QY, Liang W, Sun QZ (2012) Eocene–Oligocene granitoids of southern Tibet: constraints on crustal anatexis and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogeny. Earth Planet Sci Lett 349:38–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang SH, Nie FJ, Hu P, Liu Y, Lai XR (2007) Geochemical characteristics of the mafic dyke swarms in South Tibet. Acta Geol Sin 81:60–71 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppers AAP (2002) ArArCALC–software for 40Ar/39Ar age calculations. Comput Geosci 28:605–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leach DL, Hofstra AH, Church SE, Snee LW, Vaughn RB, Zartman RE (1998) Evidence for Proterozoic and late Cretaceous-early tertiary ore-forming events in the Coeur d’Alene district, Idaho and Montana. Econ Geol 93:347–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leach DL, Sangster DF, Kelley KD, Large RR, Garven G, Allen CR, Gützmer J, Walters S (2005) Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits: a global perspective. Econ Geol 29:561–608 100th anniversary volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Leloup PH, Mahéo G, Arnaud N, Kali E, Boutonnet E, Liu DY, Liu XH, Li HB (2010) The South Tibet detachment shear zone in the Dinggye area time constraints on extrusion models of the Himalayas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 292:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li GQ, Gu XX, Cheng WB, Zhang YM, Zhang Y, Dai HZ, Lu PR, Zhang XG, Xia BB (2014) The analysis of metallogenic material sources of the Zhaxikang antimony (sulfur salts) polymetallic deposits in southern Tibet: concurrent discussion on the differences of the ore sources of major miner-al deposits in north Himalayan metallogenic belt. Earth Sci Front 21:90–104 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang W, Hou ZQ, Yang ZS, Li ZQ, Huang KX, Zhang S, Li W, Zheng YC (2013) Remobilization and overprinting in the Zhaxikang Pb–Zn–ag–Sb polymetal ore deposit, southern Tibet: implications for its metallogenesis. Acta Petrol Sin 29:3828–3842

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang W, Yang ZS, Zheng YC (2015) The Zhaxikang Pb-ZnPb–Zn deposit: Ar-Ar age of sericite and its metallogenic significance. Acta Geol Sin 89:560–568 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin B, Tang JX, Zheng WB, Leng QF, Yang C, Tang XQ, Hang Y, Wang YY, Tan JY (2014) Petrochemical features, zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic composition of the rhyolite in Zhaxikang deposit, southern Xizang (Tibet). Geol Rev 60:178–189 (In Chinese with English abstract)

  • Liu G, Einsele G (1994) Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas. Geol Rundsch 82:32–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Chen Z, Yang Z, Sun X, Zhu Z, Zhang Q (2015) Mineralogical and geochemical studies of brecciated ores in the Dalucao REE deposit, Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Ore Geol Rev 70:613–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng XJ, Yang ZS, Qi XX, Hou ZQ, Li ZQ (2008) Silicon-oxygen-hydrogen isotopic compositions of Zhaxikang antimony polymetallic deposit in southern Tibet and its responses to the ore-controlling structure. Acta Petrol Sin 24:1649–1655

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuishi M, Wallis SR, Aoya M, Lee J, Wang Y (2012) E–W extension at 19 ma in the kung co area, S. Tibet: evidence for contemporaneous E–W and N–S extension in the Himalayan orogeny. Earth Planet Sci Lett 325:10–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohmoto H, Rye RO (1979) Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. Wiley, New York, pp 509–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan G, Ding J, Yao D (2004) Geological map of Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) plateau and adjacent areas (1:1500000): Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological Survey. Chengdu Cartographic Publishing House Chengdu, China, pp 1–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Plumlee GS, Leach DL, Hofstra AH, Landis GP, Rowan EL, Viets JG (1994) Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, U.S. Midcontinen. Econ Geol 89:1361–1383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu HN, Wijbrans J, Brouwer F, Yun JB, Zhao LH, Xu YG (2010) Amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism of the Zhujiachong eclogite, SE Dabieshan: 40Ar/39Ar age constraints from argon extraction using UV-laser microprobe, in vacuo crushing and stepwise heating. J Metamorph Geol 28:477–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos FC, Rosenberg PE (2012) Age and origin of quartz-carbonate veins associated with the Coeur d’Alene mining district, Idaho and western Montana: insights from isotopes and rare-earth elements. Econ Geol 107:1321–1339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Replumaz A, Negredo AM, Villaseñor A, Guillot S (2010) Indian continental subduction and slab break-off during tertiary collision. Terra Nova 22:290–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards JP, Wilkinson D, Ullrich T (2006) Geology of the sari Gunay epithermal gold deposit, northwest Iran. Econ Geol 101:1455–1496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg PE, Larson PB (2000) Isotope geochemistry of ankerite bearing veins associated with the Coeur d’Alene mining district, Idaho. Econ Geol 95:1689–1699

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP (1986) Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the high Himalayan, Tibetan Tethyan and Indus suture zones of Zanskar and Ladakh, western Himalaya. J Struct Geol 8:923–936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP, Godin L (2003) The south Tibetan detachment system and the Manaslu leucogranite: a structural reinterpretation and restoration of the Annapurna–Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal. J Geol 111:505–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey JS, Kramers JD (1975) Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a 2-stage model. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:207–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun X, Zheng YY, Wang CM, Zhao ZY, Geng XB (2016) Identifying geochemical anomalies associated with Sb–au–Pb–Zn–ag mineralization in north Himalaya, southern Tibet. Ore Geol Rev 73:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sverjensky DA (1981) The origin of a Mississippi Valley-type deposit in the viburnum trend, southeast Missouri. Econ Geol 76:1848–1872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor M, Yin A, Ryerson FJ, Kapp P, Ding L (2003) Conjugate strike–slip faulting along the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east–west extension and north–south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan plateau. Tectonics 22:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Tibet Institute of Geologic Survey (2003) Mineral resource survey and assessment report of Jiangzi–Longzi gold–antimony–polymetal belt, Tibet, China: (internal report), In Chinese

  • Tonarini S, Villa I, Oberli F, Meier M, Spencer DA, Pognante U, Ramsay JG (1993) Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in the Pakistan Himalaya: implications for India–Eurasia collision. Terra Nova 5:13–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treloar PJ, O'Brien PJ, Parrish RR, Khan MA (2003) Exhumation of early tertiary, coesite-bearing eclogites from the Pakistan Himalaya. J Geol Soc 160:67–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan DJ, Craig JR (1997) Sulfide mineral stabilities, morphologies, and intergrowth textures. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits—third edition. John Wiley, New York, pp 367–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal PH, Cocherie A, Le Fort P (1982) Geochemical investigations of the origin of the Manaslu leucogranite (Himalaya, Nepal). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:2279–2292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vielreicher NM, Groves DI, Snee LW, Fletcher IR, McNaughton NJ (2010) Broad synchroneity of three gold mineralization styles in the Kalgoorlie gold field: SHRIMP, U–Pb, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological evidence. Econ Geol 105:187–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner T, Boyce AJ (2001) Sulphur isotope characteristics of recrystallization, remobilization and reaction processes: a case study from the Ramsbeck Pb–Zn deposit, Germany. Mineral Deposita 36:670–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner T, Cook NJ (1998) Sphalerite remobilization during multistage hydrothermal mineralization events-examples from siderite-Pb–Zn-cu-Sb veins, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany. Mineral Petrol 63:223–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner T, Cook NJ (2000) Late-Variscan antimony mineralisation in the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, NW Germany: evidence for stibnite precipitation by drastic cooling of high-temperature fluid systems. Mineral Deposita 35:206–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner T, Schneider J (2002) Lead isotope systematics of vein-type antimony mineralization, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany: a case history of complex reaction and remobilization processes. Mineral Deposita 37:185–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Sun X, Zheng YY, Wu S, Xia SL, Chang HF, Yu M (2017) Two pulses of mineralization and genesis of the Zhaxikang Sb–Pb–Zn–ag deposit in southern Tibet: constraints from Fe–Zn isotopes. Ore Geol Rev 84:347–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werdon MB, Layer PW, Newberry RJ (2004) 40Ar/39Ar dating of Zn-Pb-ag mineralization in the northern brooks range, Alaska. Econ Geol 99:1323–1343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willems H, Zhou Z, Zhang B, Grafe KU (1996) Stratigraphy of the upper Cretaceous and lower tertiary strata in the tethyan Himalayas of Tibet (Tingri area, China). Geol Rundsch 85:723–754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood SA, Crerar DA, Borcsik MP (1987) Solubility of the assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite-sphalerite-galena-gold-stibnite-bismuthinite-argentite-molybdenite in H2O-NaCl-CO2 solutions from 200° to 350°C. Econ Geol 82:1864–1887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu ZH, Ye PS, Wu ZH, Zhao Z (2014) LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages of tectonic-thermal events in the Yalaxiangbo dome of Tethys Himalayan belt. Geol Bull China 33:595–611 (In Chinese with English abstract)

  • Xie YL, Li LM, Wang BG, Li GM, Liu HF, Li YX, Dong SL, Zhou JJ (2017) Genesis of the Zhaxikang epithermal Pb-ZnPb–Zn-Sb deposit in southern Tibet, China: evidence for a magmatic link. Ore Geol Rev 80:891–909

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang ZS, Hou ZQ, Meng XJ, Liu YC, Fei HC, Tian SH, Li ZQ, Gao W (2009) Post-collisional Sb and au mineralization related to the south Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan orogeny. Ore Geol Rev 36:194–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin A (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along–strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Sci Rev 76:1–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin A, Dubey CS, Kelty TK, Webb AAG, Harrison TM, Chou CY, Célérier J (2010) Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: Part 2. Structural geology, geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:360–395

  • Yin A, Harrison TM (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogeny. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 28:211–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zartman RE, Doe BR (1981) Pumbotectonics-the model. Tectonophysics 75:135–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zartman RE, Stacey JS (1971) Lead isotopes and mineralization ages in belt Supergroup rocks, northwestern Montana and northern Idaho. Econ Geol 66:849–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng LS, Gao LE, Xie KJ, Zeng JL (2011) Mid-Eocene high Sr/Y granites in the northern Himalayan gneiss domes: melting thickened lower continental crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 303:251–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai W, Sun XM, Yi JZ, Zhang X, Mo R, Zhou F, Wei HX, Zeng Q (2014) Geology, geochemistry, and genesis of orogenic gold–antimony mineralization in the Himalayan Orogen, South Tibet, China. Ore Geol Rev 58:68–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang SK (2013) Geology and geochemistry characteristics of Zhaxikang antimony polymetallic deposits, southern Tibet. Unpublished Master Thesis, China University of Geoscience, Beijing (In Chinese with English abstract)

  • Zhang JJ, Guo LL, Zhang B (2007) Structure and kinematics of the Yalashangbo dome in the northern Himalayan dome belt, China. Chin J Geol 42:16–30 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XH, Shi GR, Gong YM (2008) Middle Jurassic trace fossils from the Ridang formation in Sajia County, South Tibet, and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Facies 54:45–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JF, Zheng YY, Zhang GY, Gao SB, Ye XR, Zhang Z, Liu MY, Li JQ (2010) Genesis of Zhaxikang Pb–Zn–Sb–ag deposit in northern Himalaya: constraints from multi-isotope geochemistry. Earth Sci J Chin A Univ Geosci 35:1000–1010 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang GY, Zheng YY, Zhang JF, Zhang SK, Fan ZH (2011) Ore-control structural and geochronologic constrain in Shalagang antimony deposit in southern Tibet, China. Acta Petrol Sin 27:2143–2149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JJ, Santosh M, Wang XX, Guo L, Yang XY, Zhang B (2012) Tectonics of the northern Himalaya since the India–Asia collision. Gondwana Res 21:939–960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng YY, Liu MY, Sun X, Yuan EH, Tian LM, Zheng HT, Zhang GY, Zhang LH (2012) Type, discovery process and significance of Zhaxikang antimony polymetallic ore deposit, Tibet. Earth Sci J China Univ Geosci 37:1003–1014 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng YY, Sun X, Tian LM, Zheng HT, Yu M, Yang WT, Zhou TC, Geng XB (2014) Mineralization, deposit type and metallogenic age of the gold antimony polymetallic belt in the eastern part of north Himalayan. Geotecton Metallog 38:108–118 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DC, Pan GT, Mo XX, Wang LQ, Liao ZL, Jiang XS, Geng QR (2005) SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating for the dacite of the Sangxiu formation in the central segment of Tethyan Himalaya and its implications. China Sci Bull 50:563–568 (In Chinese with English abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DC, Mo XX, Pan GT, Zhao ZD, Dong GC, Shi YR, Liao ZL, Wang LQ, Zhou CY (2008) Petrogenesis of the earliest early Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Cona area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya in south Tibet: interaction between the incubating Kerguelen plume and the eastern greater India lithosphere. Lithos 100:147–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DC, Chung SL, Mo XX, Zhao ZD, Niu YL, Song B, Yang YH (2009) The 132 ma Comei-Bunbury large igneous province: remnants identified in present-day southeastern Tibet and southwestern Australia. Geology 37:583–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DC, Wang Q, Zhao ZD, Chung SL, Cawood PA, Niu YL, Liu SA, Wu FY, Mo XX (2015) Magmatic record of India–Asia collision. Sci Rep 5:14289. doi:10.1038/srep14289

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Constructive reviews and suggestions by Frank Ramos and Zhiming Yang, Associated Editor Karen D. Kelley and Editor-in-Chief Georges Beaudoin helped us to further improve the manuscript. We thank Yongsheng He for discussions about lead isotopes. Funding for this project was jointly granted by the Program for National Key Project for Basic Research of China (2015CB452600, 2011CB403100), Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT14R54), CSC-Sponsored Scholarship Program for Visiting Scholars (Including Postdoctoral) (201506405019), and Program of the China Geological Survey (1212011220664).

Compliance with ethical standards

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, and School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Xiang Sun, Youye Zheng, Shenlan Xia, Qingjie Song & Huifang Chang

  2. Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    Xiang Sun, Franco Pirajno & T. Campbell McCuaig

  3. BHP Billiton, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia

    T. Campbell McCuaig

  4. Beijing Institute of Geology, Beijing, 100120, People’s Republic of China

    Miao Yu

Authors
  1. Xiang Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Youye Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Franco Pirajno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Campbell McCuaig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Miao Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shenlan Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Qingjie Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Huifang Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiang Sun.

Additional information

Editorial handling: K. Kelley

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, X., Zheng, Y., Pirajno, F. et al. Geology, S–Pb isotopes, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Zhaxikang Sb–Pb–Zn–Ag deposit in Southern Tibet: implications for multiple mineralization events at Zhaxikang. Miner Deposita 53, 435–458 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0752-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0752-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation