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Evidence for a magmatic origin for Carlin-type gold deposits: isotopic composition of sulfur in the Betze-Post-Screamer Deposit, Nevada, USA

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Abstract

We report here new sulfur isotope analyses from the Betze-Post-Screamer deposit, the largest Carlin-type gold deposit in the world. Carlin-type deposits contain high concentrations of arsenic, antimony, mercury, tellurium and other elements of environmental interest, and are surrounded by large volumes of crust in which these elements are also enriched. Uncertainty about the source of sulfur and metals in and around Carlin-type deposits has hampered formulation of models for their origin, which are needed for improved mineral exploration and environmental assessment. Previous studies have concluded that most Carlin-type deposits formed from sulfide sulfur that is largely of sedimentary origin. Most of these studies are based on analyses of mineral separates consisting of pre-ore diagenetic pyrite with thin overgrowths of ore-related arsenian pyrite rather than pure, ore-related pyrite. Our SIMS spot analyses of ore-related pyrite overgrowths in the Screamer zone of the Betze-Post-Screamer deposit yield δ34S values of about −1 to 4‰ with one value of about 7‰. Conventional analyses of realgar and orpiment separates from throughout the deposit yield δ34S values of about 5–7‰ with one value of 10‰ in the Screamer zone. These results, along with results from an earlier SIMS study in the Post zone of the deposit and phase equilibrium constraints, indicate that early arsenian pyrite were formed from fluids of magmatic origin with variable contamination from sulfur in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Later arsenic sulfides were formed from solutions to which sulfur of sedimentary origin had been added. The presence of Paleozoic sedimentary sulfur in Carlin-type deposits does not require direct involvement of hydrothermal solutions of sedimentary origin. Instead, it could have been added by magmatic assimilation of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks or by hydrothermal leaching of sulfur from wall rocks to the deposit. Thus, the dominant process delivering sulfur, arsenic, gold and mineralizing fluids to Carlin-type systems and their surrounding country rocks was probably separation of fluids from a magmatic source.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Barrick Goldstrike Mines for access to samples and data on the Screamer system and to Keith Bettles, Eric Lauha, Pam Zohar, and Jeff Borhauer for geological guidance and discussion during all stages of the study. The project was supported by Barrick Goldstrike Mining Company and National Science Foundation grants EAR-9804963 and 0207273. Thanks also to Poul Emsbo for providing information on unpublished sulfur isotope analyses, Al Hofstra and Jean Cline for discussion of the geology and geochemistry of these deposits, John Fortuna for insights resulting from his work at Screamer, Dan Core for carrying out bulk sulfur isotope leachates on one of these samples, and Adrian Boyce, Georges Beaudoin and an anonymous reviewer for suggestions to improve the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109

    Stephen E. Kesler & Zaojun Ye

  2. Oak Ridge National Laboratory MS6365, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Lee C. Riciputi

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  1. Stephen E. Kesler
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  2. Lee C. Riciputi
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Correspondence to Stephen E. Kesler.

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Editorial handling: G. Beaudoin

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Kesler, S.E., Riciputi, L.C. & Ye, Z. Evidence for a magmatic origin for Carlin-type gold deposits: isotopic composition of sulfur in the Betze-Post-Screamer Deposit, Nevada, USA. Miner Deposita 40, 127–136 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0477-9

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