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Duale Thrombozytenhemmung nach akutem Koronarsyndrom oder perkutaner Koronarintervention – womit und wie lange?

Dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention: with what and for how long?

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Zusammenfassung

Thrombotische Komplikationen nach Koronarinterventionen (PCI) waren insbesondere bei akutem Koronarsyndrom (ACS) häufig. Durch verbesserte Stents, Kathetertechniken und intravaskuläre bildgebende Kontrollen ist die Komplikationsrate deutlich gefallen. Daher ist die unbedingt erforderliche Dauer einer dualen Antiplättchentherapie (DAPT) bestehend aus Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS) und einem P2Y12-Inhibitor ständig Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten, um Blutungskomplikationen zu vermindern, ohne ischämische Komplikationen zuzulassen. Die DAPT-Dauer von 12 Monaten nach perkutaner Koronarintervention und nach ACS war Standard. Mittlerweile ist dieser Standard einer sehr individualisierten Therapiedauer und Medikamentenauswahl gewichen unter Berücksichtigung des Blutungs- und Ischämierisikos des einzelnen Patienten. Eine verlängerte DAPT (>12 Monate) wird derzeit nur bei geringem Blutungsrisiko nach Myokardinfarkt sowie hohem Ischämierisiko empfohlen, etwa bei koronarer 3‑Gefäß-Erkrankung, risikoreicher Intervention mit unbefriedigendem Ergebnis oder früher stattgehabter Stentthrombose. Alternativ zur DAPT kann bei multiregionaler Atherosklerose auch die Kombination aus ASS und Rivaroxaban (2-mal 2,5 mg pro Tag) zukünftige Schlaganfälle und periphere vaskuläre Ereignisse verhindern sowie die Mortalität reduzieren. Die auf 3 oder 6 Monate verkürzte DAPT wird mittlerweile für die meisten Patienten empfohlen. Dabei zeigen neueste Daten, dass bei Patienten mit hohem Blutungsrisiko auch eine 4‑wöchige DAPT ausreichen kann mit deutlich geringerer Blutungsrate und ohne vermehrte ischämische Komplikationen. Nach früher Beendigung der DAPT scheint die Fortführung der Therapie mit dem P2Y12-Inhibitor Ticagrelor in Monotherapie weiterhin Stentthrombosen und Myokardinfarkte verhindern zu können, ohne dass die Blutungskomplikationen denen einer DAPT vergleichbar wären.

Abstract

Thrombotic complications following coronary interventions (PCI) used to be frequent specifically in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. In recent years complication rates have significantly fallen due to improved stent technology, catheterisation techniques and intravascular visualisation. Therefore, the shortest necessary duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) comprising aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor is constantly the subject of scientific investigations in order to avoid bleeding complications without allowing ischemic complications to occur. A DAPT duration of 12 months after PCI and ACS was accepted as a standard. Meanwhile a highly individualized approach in terms of therapy duration and choice of drugs that takes the patient’s individual bleeding and ischemic risk into account is being practised. Prolonged DAPT (>12 months) is currently recommended for patients post myocardial infarction with a low bleeding risk, at high ischemic risk due to coronary triple vessel disease, following a high risk coronary intervention with an unsatisfactory result or a personal history of prior stent thrombosis. Alternatively, instead of prolonged DAPT, dual-pathway antithrombotic therapy of aspirin plus rivaroxaban (2.5 mg bid) is recommended to prevent future strokes, critical limb ischemia and to reduce mortality in cases with multiregional atherosclerosis. In the meantime, reduced-duration DAPT of 3–6 months is being recommended for most patients. Recent data show that in patients with a high bleeding risk, a DAPT treatment period of 4 weeks may be sufficient with a markedly reduced rate of bleeding and without evidence for more ischemic events. Following the early termination of DAPT, continuing antithrombotic monotherapy with the P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor may be indicated to prevent further ischemic events without the risk of bleeding complications comparable to DAPT.

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Correspondence to Harald Darius.

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H. Darius: Honorare für Vorträge und/oder Advisory Boards 2017–2021: AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden vom Autor keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Darius, H. Duale Thrombozytenhemmung nach akutem Koronarsyndrom oder perkutaner Koronarintervention – womit und wie lange?. Internist 62, 1243–1252 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-021-01189-5

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