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Hypothyreose – wann und wie behandeln?

Hypothyroidism—when and how to treat?

  • Schwerpunkt: Schilddrüsenerkrankungen
  • Published:
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An Erratum to this article was published on 25 October 2018

This article has been updated

Zusammenfassung

Neben der Erfassung klinischer Symptome ist die Bestimmung des basalen Thyreoidea-stimulierenden Hormons (TSH) der wesentliche Schritt in der Diagnostik der Hypothyreose. Die subklinische Hypothyreose ist definiert durch eine TSH-Wert-Erhöhung bei normwertigen peripheren Schilddrüsenhormonwerten; bei der manifesten Hypothyreose sind zudem die peripheren Schilddrüsenhormonwerte erniedrigt. Ursachen der primären Hypothyreose sind insbesondere die chronische Autoimmunthyreoiditis sowie therapeutische Eingriffe, wie Schilddrüsenoperation und Radiojodtherapie. Klassische Symptome umfassen Müdigkeit, Bradykardie, Obstipation und Kälteintoleranz, wobei subklinische Funktionsstörungen häufig asymptomatisch sind. Die Einleitung einer Substitutionstherapie ist mitunter vom Ausmaß der TSH-Erhöhung, Patientenalter, Vorliegen einer Schwangerschaft und von Komorbiditäten abhängig. Die Behandlung der latenten Hypothyreose wird kontrovers diskutiert, wobei ein TSH-Spiegel > 10 mU/l außerhalb einer Schwangerschaft und bei Patienten ≤ 70 Jahre eine klare Therapieindikation ist. Goldstandard ist die Levothyroxin(T4)-Monotherapie mit dem Ziel eines TSH-Spiegels im Referenzbereich (0,4–4,0 mU/l). Dies gilt nicht bei einer sekundären Hypothyreose, bei der die T4-Dosis an den peripheren Schilddrüsenhormonwerten, vor allem am freien T4, ausgerichtet wird. Problematisch ist der beachtliche Patientenanteil mit inadäquater Substitutionsdosis, wobei insbesondere die Induktion einer subklinischen oder gar manifesten Hyperthyreose unbedingt zu vermeiden ist. Eine T4/-Liothyronin (T3) Kombinationstherapie wird kontrovers diskutiert und nicht als Standard empfohlen, kann aber bei persistierenden Hypothyreosesymptomen unter T4-Monotherapie individuell erwogen werden.

Abstract

The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is primarily based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by elevated TSH with normal serum free thyroxine (fT4) and triiodothyronine (fT3) levels, while in manifest hypothyroidism serum fT4 and fT3 levels are reduced. Common causes of primary hypothyroidism are autoimmune thyroiditis as well as therapeutic interventions, such as thyroid surgery or radioiodine therapy. Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, bradycardia, constipation and cold intolerance. In subclinical hypothyroidism, symptoms may be absent. Initiation of levothyroxine (T4) therapy not only depends on the level of TSH elevation, but also on other factors, such as patient age, presence of pregnancy or comorbidities. Treatment of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism is still a controversial topic. In general, thyroid hormone replacement therapy in non-pregnant adults ≤ 70 years is clearly indicated if the TSH concentration is >10 mU/l. Standard of care for treatment of hypothyroidism is T4 monotherapy. The biochemical treatment goal for T4 replacement in primary hypothyroidism is a TSH level within the reference range (0.4–4.0 mU/l). In contrast, in secondary hypothyroidism, serum fT4 levels are the basis for adjusting thyroid hormone dosage. Inadequate replacement of T4 resulting in subclinical or even manifest hyperthyroidism should urgently be avoided. T4/liothyronine (T3) combination therapy is still a matter of debate and not recommended as standard therapy, but may be considered in patients with persistence of symptoms, despite optimal T4 treatment, based on expert opinion.

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Change history

  • 25 October 2018

    Erratum zu:

    Internist 2018

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-018-0438-x

    Im Abschnitt „T4-Substitutionstherapie“ ist bei der Beschreibung der Indikation ein Fehler unterlaufen. Bitte beachten Sie den nachfolgenden korrekten Satz:

    Die amerikanischen Fachgesellschaften basieren ihre Therapieentscheidung …

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Correspondence to C. Spitzweg.

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V.F. Koehler, M. Reincke und C. Spitzweg geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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H. Lehnert, Lübeck

M. Reincke, München

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Koehler, V.F., Reincke, M. & Spitzweg, C. Hypothyreose – wann und wie behandeln?. Internist 59, 644–653 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-018-0438-x

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