Abstract
This paper presents new models of the seismic velocity structure of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. We applied a local earthquake tomography method to arrival time data produced by local and regional events in Eastern Anatolia to understand the three-dimensional seismic velocity and Vp/Vs models and their correlation with the geological evolution and tectonic processes in the study area. The data are obtained from 78 broadband seismic stations, owned by the Earthquake Department of the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, for the period between 2008 and 2017. Seven depth cross sections are taken along various segments of the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Travel times of 53,099 phase readings (29,122 P-phase and 23,977 S-phase picks) from 4249 high-quality earthquake recordings are analysed to develop 3-D Vp (lithological) and Vp/Vs (petrological) models of the study area. The resulting P-wave velocities describe intrusive magmatic bodies, sediment thickness and the structure of the basin. The Vp/Vs structures aid to limit the position of the faults, areas of weakness, and gas- or liquid-saturated units with regions of high pore pressure. Four main seismic crustal layers down to 40 km are determined. The upper crust (0–8 km) has Vp ≤ 4.6 km/s, whereas in the middle crust (~ 9–20 km) a Vp perturbation between 4.6 and 5.8 km/s is observed. In the lower crust (~ 20–35 km), Vp changes from 5.9 to 7.3 km/s and in the upper mantle layer (below 36 km), Vp exceeds 7.4 km/s. In all cases, seismic velocities are well-resolved in the first 40 km. Tomograms are compatible with the geological characteristics of the region. Dominant high P-velocity values are observed beneath the collision zone. Conrad discontinuity is detectable at 20 km depth, while Moho depth is observed to vary between 30 and 40 km in the study area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksu, A. E., Calon, T. J., Piper, D. J. W., Turgut, S., & Izdar, E. (1992). Architecture of late orogenic Quaternary basins in northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Tectonophysics, 210, 191–213.
Aktug, B., Ozener, H., Dogru, A., Sabuncu, A., Turgut, B., Halicioglu, K., et al. (2016). Slip rates and seismic potential on the East Anatolian Fault System using an improved GPS velocity field. Journal of Geodynamics, 94–95, 1–12.
Bakirci, T., Yoshizawa, K., & Ozer, M. F. (2012). Three-dimensional S-wave structure of the upper mantle beneath Turkey from surface wave tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 190(2), 1058–1076.
Bartol, J., & Govers, R. (2014). A single cause for uplift of the Central and Eastern Anatolian plateau? Tectonophysics, 637, 116–136.
Bayraktutan, M. S., Merefield, J. R., Grainger, P., Evans, B. M., Yilmaz, M., & Kalkan, E. (1996). Regional gas geochemistry in an active tectonic zone, Erzurum basin, eastern Turkey. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 29(3), 209–218.
Bektas, O. (2013). Thermal structure of the crust in Inner East Anatolia from aeromagnetic and gravity data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 221, 27–37.
Bektas, O., Ravat, D., Buyuksarac, A., Bilim, F., & Ates, A. (2007). Regional geothermal characterisation of East Anatolia from aeromagnetic, heat flow and gravity data. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164(5), 975–998.
Burke, K., & Sengor, A. M. C. (1986). Tectonic escape in the evolution of the continental crust. In M. Barazangi & L. Brown (Eds.), Reflection seismology: The continental crust (pp. 41–53). Washington: Geophysical Union.
Cambaz, M. D., & Karabulut, H. (2010). Love-wave group velocity maps of Turkey and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal International, 181(1), 502–520.
Cetin, H., Güneyli, H., & Mayer, L. (2003). Paleoseismology of the Palu-Lake Hazar segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 374(3), 163–197.
Delph, J. R., Biryol, C. B., Beck, S. L., Zandt, G., & Ward, K. M. (2015). Shear wave velocity structure of the Anatolian Plate: Anomalously slow crust in southwestern Turkey. Geophysical Journal International, 202, 261–276.
Dewey, J. F., Hempton, M. R., Kidd, W. S. F., Saroglu, F., & Sengor, A. M. C. (1986). Shortening of continental lithosphere: The neo-tectonics of eastern Anatolia-a young collision zone. In M. P. Coward & A. C. Reis (Eds.), Collision tectonics (pp. 3–36). London: Geological Society.
Dinc, A. N., Koulakov, I., Thorwart, M., Rabbel, W., Fluesh, E. R., Arroyo, I., et al. (2010). Local earthquake tomography of central Costa Rica: Transition from seamount to ridge subduction. Geophysical Journal International, 183(1), 286–302.
Dolmaz, N. M., Elitok, O., & Kalyoncuoglu, U. Y. (2008). Interpretation of low seismicity in the Eastern Anatolian collisional zone using geophysical (seismicity and aeromagnetic) and geological data. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 165, 311–330.
Dolmaz, M. N., Ustaomer, T., Hisarli, Z. M., & Orbay, N. (2005). Curie Point Depth variations to infer thermal structure of the crust at the African-Eurasian convergence zone, SW Turkey. Earth Planets Space, 57, 373–383.
Dorbath, C., & Granet, M. (1996). Local earthquake tomography of the Altiplano and the Eastern Cordillera of northern Bolivia. Tectonophysics, 259(1–3), 117–136.
Duman, T. Y., & Emre, O. (2013). The East Anatolian Fault: Geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. Geological Society Special Publications, 372(1), 495–529.
Emre, O., Duman, T. Y., Ozalp, S., Elmaci, H., Olgun, S., & Saroglu, F. (2013). 1/1.125.000 Olcekli Turkiye Diri Fay Haritasi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Mudurluğu Ozel Yayinlar Serisi, Ankara. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/. Accessed 19 June 2018.
Ergin, M., Aktar, M., & Eyidogan, H. (2004). Present-day seismicity and seismotectonics of the Cilician basin: Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94(3), 930–939.
Gentile, G., Bressan, G., Burlini, L., & De Franco, R. (2000). Three dimensional V p and V p/V s models of the upper-crust in the Friuli area (northeastern Italy). Geophysical Journal International, 141, 457–478.
Gok, R., Mahdi, H., Al-Shukri, H., & Rodgers, A. J. (2008). Crustal structure of Iraq from receiver functions and surface wave dispersion: Implications for understanding the deformation history of the Arabian-Eurasian collision. Geophysical Journal International, 172, 1179–1187.
Gok, R., Mellors, R. J., Sandvol, E., Pasyanos, M., Hauk, T., Takedatsu, R., et al. (2011). Lithospheric velocity structure of the Anatolian plateau-Caucasus-Caspian region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, B05303.
Gok, R., Pasyanos, M. E., & Zor, E. (2007). Lithospheric structure of the continent-continent collision zone: Eastern Turkey. Geophysical Journal International, 169(3), 1079–1088.
Gok, R., Sandvol, E., Turkelli, N., Seber, D., & Barazangi, M. (2003). Sn attenuation in the Anatolian and Iranian plateau and surrounding regions. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 8042.
Gokalp, H. (2007). Local earthquake tomography of the Erzincan Basin and the surrounding area in Turkey. Annals of Geophysics, 50(6), 707–724.
Gokalp, H. (2012). Tomographic Imaging of the Seismic Structure beneath the East Anatolian Plateau, Eastern Turkey. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(10), 1749–1776.
Gulbay, R. K. (2015). Organic geochemical and petrographical characteristics of coal bearing Oligo-Miocene sequence in the Oltu-Narman Basin (Erzurum), NE Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 149(1), 93–107.
Gulec, N., & Hilton, D. R. (2016). Turkish geothermal fields as natural analogues of CO2 storage sites: Gas geochemistry and implications for CO2 trapping mechanisms. Geothermics, 64, 96–110.
Gursoy, H., Tatar, O., Piper, J. D. A., Heimann, A., & Mesci, L. (2003). Neotectonic deformation linking the East Anatolian and Karatas-Osmaniye intracontinental transform fault zones in the Gulf of Iskenderun, southern Turkey, deduced from paleomagnetic study of the Ceyhan-Osmaniye volcanics. Tectonics, 22(6), 1067.
Hauksson, E. (2000). Crustal structure and seismicity distribution adjacent to the Pacific and North America plate boundary in southern California. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 13875.
Havskov, J., & Ottemoller, L. (1999). SeisAn Earthquake analysis software. Seismological Research Letters, 70(55), 532–534.
Hempton, M. R. (1985). Structure and deformation history of the Bitlis suture near Lake Hazar, southeastern Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96, 233–243.
Hempton, M. R. (1987). Constraints on Arabian plate motion and extensional history of the Red Sea. Tectonics, 6, 687–705.
Hempton, M. R., Dewey, J. F., & Saroglu, F. (1981). The East Anatolian transform fault: Along strike variations in geometry and behaviour. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 62, 393.
Italiano, F., Sasmaz, A., Yuce, G., & Okan, O. O. (2013). Thermal fluids along the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ): Geochemical features and relationships with the tectonic setting. Chemical Geology, 339, 103–114.
Jackson, J. (1994). Active tectonics of the Aegean region. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22, 239–271.
Jaxybulatov, K., Koulakov, I., Seht, M., Klinge, K., Reichert, B. D., & Troll, V. R. (2011). Evidence for high fluid/melt content beneath Krakatau volcano (Indonesia) from local earthquake tomography. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 206(3–4), 96–105.
Kaygusuz, A., Aslan, Z., Aydınçakır, E., Yücel, C., Gücer, M. A., & Şen, C. (2018). Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope characteristics of the Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks from the Kandilli (Erzurum) area, Eastern Anatolia (Turkey): Implications for magma evolution in extension-related origin. Lithos, 296, 332–351.
Kaypak, B. (2008). Three-dimensional VP and VP/VS structure of the upper crust in the Erzincan basin (eastern Turkey). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(7), 20.
Kaypak, B., & Eyidogan, H. (2005). One-dimensional crustal structure of the Erzincan basin, Eastern Turkey and relocations of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake (Ms = 6.8) aftershock sequence. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 151(1-2), 1–20.
Kaypak, B., & Gokkaya, G. (2012). 3-D imaging of the upper crust beneath the Denizli geothermal region by local earthquake tomography, western Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 211–212, 47–60.
Keskin, M., Pearce, J. A., Kempton, P. D., & Greenwood, P. (2006). Magma-crust interactions and magma plumbing in a post-collisional setting: Geochemical evidence from the Erzurum-Kars volcanic plateau, eastern Turkey. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 409, 475–505.
Khrepy, S., Koulakov, I., & Al-Arifi, N. (2015). Crustal structure in the area of the cannon earthquakes of Abu Dabbab (northern Red Sea, Egypt), from seismic tomography inversion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(4), 1870–1882.
Kilic, T., Ottemoller, L., Havskov, J., Yanik, K., Kilicarslan, O., Alver, F., et al. (2017). Local magnitude scale for earthquakes in Turkey. Journal of Seismology, 21(1), 35–46.
Kind, R., Eken, T., Tilmann, F., Sodoudi, F., Taymaz, T., Bulut, F., et al. (2015). Thickness of the lithosphere beneath Turkey and surroundings from S-receiver functions. Solid Earth, 6, 971–984.
Kocyigit, A., & Canoglu, M. C. (2017). Neotectonics and seismicity of Erzurum pull-apart basin, East Turkey. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 58, 99–122.
Kop, A., Ezer, M., Bodur, M. N., Darbas, G., Inan, S., Ergintav, S., et al. (2014). Geochemical Monitoring Along the Turkoglu (Kahramanmaras)-Golbasi (Adiyaman) Segments of the East Anatolian Fault System. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39(7), 5521–5536.
Koulakov, I. (2009). LOTOS code for local earthquake tomographic inversion: Benchmarks for testing tomographic algorithms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 99(1), 194–214.
Koulakov, I., Sobolev, S. V. (2006). Moho depth and three-dimensional and structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East derived from tomographic inversion of local ISC data. Geophysical Journal International, 164(1), 218–235
Koulakov, I., Jakovlev, A., & Luehr, B. G. (2009). Anisotropic structure beneath central Java from local earthquake tomography. Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 10(2), Q02011.
Koulakov, I., Zaharia, B., Enescu, B., Radulian, M., Popa, M., Parolai, S., et al. (2010). Delamination or slab detachment beneath Vrancea? New arguments from local earthquake tomography. Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 11(3), Q03002.
Kuznetsov, P. Y., & Koulakov, I. (2014). The three-dimensional structure beneath the Popocatepetl volcano (Mexico) based on local earthquake seismic tomography. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 276, 10–21.
Le Pichon, X., Chamot-Rooke, N., & Lallemant, S. (1995). Geodetic determination of the kinematics of central Greece with respect to Europe: Implications for eastern Mediterranean tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 12.675–12.690.
Le Pichon, X., & Kreemer, C. (2010). The Miocene-to-present kinematic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East and its implications for dynamics. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38(1), 323–351.
Maden, N. (2012). One-dimensional thermal modeling of the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey). Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(1), 235–248.
Maden, N., Aydin, A., & Kadirov, F. (2015). Determination of the crustal and thermal structure of the Erzurum-Horasan-Pasinler Basins (Eastern Turkiye) using gravity and magnetic data. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 172(6), 1599–1614.
McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., et al. (2000). Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 5695–5719.
McKenzie, D. (1972). Active tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geophysical Journal International, 30, 109–185.
McKenzie, D. (1976). The east Anatolian fault: A major structure in eastern Turkey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 29, 189–193.
Mutlu, A. K., & Karabulut, H. (2011). Anisotropic Pn tomography of Turkey and adjacent regions. Geophysical Journal International, 187(3), 1743–1758.
Nalbant, S. S., McCloskey, J., Steacy, S., & Barka, A. A. (2002). Stress accumulation and increased seismic risk in eastern Turkey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195(3–4), 291–298.
Orgulu, G., Aktar, M., Turkelli, N., Sandvol, E., & Barazangi, M. (2003). Contribution to the seismotectonics of Eastern Turkey from moderate and small size events. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 8040.
Ozacar, A. A., Gilbert, H., & Zandt, G. (2008). Upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) from receiver functions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 269(3–4), 426–434.
Ozer, C., Gok, E., & Polat, O. (2018). Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the Aegean Region of Turkey from local earthquake tomography. Annals of Geophysics, 61(1), 1–21.
Ozer, C., & Polat, O. (2017a). Determination of 1-D (One-Dimensional) seismic velocity structure of Izmir and surroundings. Journal of Science and Engineering, 19, 147–168. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2017195512.
Ozer, C., & Polat, O. (2017b). Local earthquake tomography of Izmir geothermal area, Aegean region of Turkey. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 58(1), 17–42.
Ozer, C., & Polat, O. (2017c). 3-D crustal velocity structure of Izmir and surroundings. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 32(3), 733–747.
Paige, C. C., & Saunders, M. (1982). LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 8(1), 43–71.
Pamukcu, O. A., Akcig, Z., Demirbas, S., & Zor, E. (2007). Investigation of crustal thickness in Eastern Anatolia using gravity, magnetic and topographic data. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164(11), 2345–2358.
Perincek, D., & Cemen, I. (1990). The structural relationship between the East Anatolian and Dead Sea fault zones in southeastern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 172, 331–340.
Polat, G., Ozel, N. M., & Koulakov, I. (2016). Investigating P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the Marmara region (Turkey) and the surrounding area from local earthquake tomography. Earth, Planets and Space, 68(132), 1–14.
Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., et al. (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 111(B5), B05411.
Salah, M. H. (2014). Upper crustal structure beneath Southwest Iberia north of the convergent boundary between the Eurasian and African plates. Geoscience Frontiers, 5(6), 845–854.
Salah, M. K., Sahin, S., & Aydin, U. (2011). Seismic velocity and Poisson’s ratio tomography of the crust beneath East Anatolia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(3), 746–761.
Sandvol, E., Turkelli, N., & Barazangi, M. (2003). The Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment: The study of a young continent–continent collision. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 8038.
Saroglu, F., Emre, O., & Kuscu, I. (1992). The East Anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Annales Tectonicae, 6, 99–125.
Sengor, A. M. C., & Natal’in, B. A. (1996). Turkic-type orogeny and its role in the making of the continental crust. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24, 263–337.
Sengor, A. M. C., Ozeren, S., Genc, T., & Zor, E. (2003). East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, north-south shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 2–5.
Serrano, I., Zhao, D., & Morales, J. (2002). 3-D crustal structure of the extensional Granada Basin in the convergent boundary between the Eurasian and African plates. Tectonophysics, 344(1–2), 61–79.
Sertcelik, F. (2012). Estimation of coda wave attenuation in the East Anatolia fault zone, Turkey. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(7), 1189–1204.
Simao, N. M., Nalbant, S. S., Sunbul, F., & Mutlu, A. K. (2016). Central and eastern Anatolian crustal deformation rate and velocity fields derived from GPS and earthquake data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 433, 89–98.
Skolbeltsyn, G., Mellors, R., Gok, R., Turkelli, N., Yetirmishli, G., & Sandvol, E. (2014). Upper mantle S wave velocity structure of the East Anatolian-Caucasus region. Tectonics, 33(3), 207–221.
Teoman, U. M., Turkelli, N., Gok, R. (2005). Dogu Anadolu Bolgesi Ust Kabuk Hiz Yapisinin Uc-Boyutlu Yerel Deprem Tomografisi Yontemi ile Belirlenmesi. http://kocaeli2007.kocaeli.edu.tr/kocaeli2005/deprem_sempozyumu_kocaeli_2005/2_yer_yapisi/d_11_kabuk_yapisi_calismalari/dogu_anadolu_bolgesi_ust_kabuk_hiz_yapisinin_uc_boyutlu.pdf. Accessed 29 June 2018.
Tezel, T., Shibutani, T., & Kaypak, B. (2013). Crustal thickness of Turkey determined by receiver function. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 75, 36–45.
Totaro, C., Koulakov, I., Orecchio, B., & Presti, D. (2014). Detailed crustal structure in the area of the southern Apennines-Calabrian Arc border from local earthquake tomography. Journal of Geodynamics, 82, 87–97.
Turkoglu, E., Unsworth, M., Bulut, F., & Caglar, I. (2015). Crustal structure of the North Anatolian and East Anatolian Fault Systems from magnetotelluric data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 241, 1–14.
Vanacore, E. A., Taymaz, T., & Saygin, E. (2013). Moho structure of the Anatolian plate from receiver function analysis. Geophysical Journal International, 193(1), 329–337.
Wagner, D., Koulakov, I., Rabbel, W., Luehr, B. G., Wittwer, A., Kopp, H., et al. (2007). Joint inversion of active and passive seismic data in Central Java. Geophysical Journal International, 170(2), 923–932.
Walters, R. J., Parsons, B., & Wright, T. J. (2014). Constraining crustal velocity fields with InSAR for Eastern Turkey: Limits to the block-like behavior of Eastern Anatolia. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 119(6), 5215–5234.
Warren, L. M., Beck, S. L., Biryol, C. B., Zandt, G., Ozacar, A. A., & Yang, Y. (2013). Crustal velocity structure of Central and Eastern Turkey from ambient noise tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 194(3), 1941–1954.
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J. F., & Wobbe, F. (2013). Generic Mapping Tools: Improved version released. EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union, 94, 409–410.
Yolsal-Cevikbilen, S., Biryol, C. B., Beck, S., Zandt, G., Taymaz, T., Adiyaman, H. E., et al. (2012). 3-D crustal structure along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in north-central Anatolia revealed by local earthquake tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 188(3), 819–849.
Yuce, G., & Taskiran, L. (2013). Isotope and chemical compositions of thermal fluids at Tekman Geothermal Area (Eastern Turkey). Geochemical Journal, 47, 423–435.
Yusufoglu, H. (2013). An intramontane pull-apart basin in tectonic escape deformation: Elbistan Basin, Eastern Taurides, Turkey. Journal of Geodynamics, 65, 308–329.
Zor, E. (2008). Tomographic evidence of slab detachment beneath eastern Turkey and the Caucasus. Geophysical Journal International, 175(3), 1273–1282.
Zor, E., Sandvol, E., Gurbuz, C., Turkelli, N., Seber, D., & Barazangi, M. (2003). The crustal structure of the East Anatolian plateau (Turkey) from receiver functions. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 8044.
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the 2016.KB.FEN.013 project, and the data are provided by AFAD (Ankara-Turkey). We are grateful to the editor, Colin Farquharson, for his fruitful and constructive criticisms, as well as anonymous reviewers for their critical remarks, which helped us to improve the paper. LOTOS code is used in developing the tomograms. All images are created using GMT (Wessel et al. 2013). Faults are digitized in the Geoscience map viewer (Emre et al. 2013) and drawing editor licensed to the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). The data are collected in SEISAN (Havskov and Ottemoller 1999) software.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ozer, C., Ozyazicioglu, M., Gok, E. et al. Imaging the Crustal Structure Throughout the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey, by Local Earthquake Tomography. Pure Appl. Geophys. 176, 2235–2261 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2076-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2076-6