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Notes
Gary Becker,Economics of Discrimination. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957, 1971.
See, e.g., Stanley Masters,Black/White Income Differentials. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1975, and Christopher Jencks et al.,Inequality. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1972.
See David H. Swinton and Larry C. Morse,The Source of Minority Youth Employment Problems. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, Research Paper, May 1983, for a discussion of the orthodox and alternative perspective.
See, e.g., James P. Smith and Finis Welch,Race Differences In Earnings: A Survey and New Evidence. Santa Monica: Rand, March 1978. Richard Freeman “Changes in the Labor Market of Black Americans 1948-1972,”Brookings Papers, 1973.
See, e.g., Harvey R. Hamel, Melvin Goldberg, and Thomas W. Garnett, “Wage Expectations,” inYouth Unemployment and Minimum Wages, Bulletin 1657 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics 1970), also Michael E. Boms, “Willingness to Work,” inPathways to the Future: A Longitudinal Study of Young Americans, by Michael E. Borus et al. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Center for Human Resources Research, 1980. Both cited in Swinton and Morse,The Source of Minority Youth Employment Problems, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1983.
See References cited in note 2 and also William Darity, Jr. “The Human Capital Approach to Black/White Income Inequality,”Journal of Human Resources, Winter 1982. Robert Flanagan, “Discrimination Theory, Labor Turnover, and Racial Unemployment Differentials”Journal of Human Resources, vol. 13, no. 2, 1978. Harry Gilman, “Economic Discrimination and Unemployment.”Monthly Labor Review, July 1975. Frank Levy “Have Black Men Gained In Employment?”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 1980. Julianne Malveaux,Unemployment Differentials by Race and Occupation. Cambridge, Mass.: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, 1980. David H. Swinton “Dimensions and Causes of Youth Unemployment” inSymposium on Minority Youth Employment Urban Disadvantaged Youth, Washington, D.C.: Institute for Economic Development, 1980.
Frank Levy, “Have Black Men Gained in Employment.”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 1980.
SeeReport of the Minimum Wage Study Commission, Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: Minimum Wage Study Commission, 1981.
See David H. Swinton, “The Economic Status of the Black Population,”The State of Black America, 1983. New York: The National Urban League, 1983.
See David H. Swinton,Discrimination in Non-Competitive Labor Markets. Cambridge, Mass.: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1975.
Ivar Berg,Education and Jobs: The Great Training Robbery, New York: Praeger, 1970, and Russell W. Rumberger,Overeducation in the U.S. Labor Market, New York:, Praeger, 1981.
Kenneth J. Arrow, “Models of Job Discriminations,” in A. J. Pascal, ed.Racial Discrimination in Economic Life. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1972.
See David Gordon,Theories of Poverty and Unemployment, Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1972, Doeringer and Piore. “Unemployment and the Dual Labor Market.”The Public Interest, no. 38, 1975. Barry Bluestone,The Tripantite: Economy, Poverty and Human Resource Abstracts, vol. 5, no. 4, July/August 1970.
See discussion in Swinton,Discrimination in Non-Competitive Labor Markets, chapter 3, for a review of some of the institutionalist notions and references to this literature.
David Swinton,The Limits of Anti-Discrimination Policies, Working Paper, Atlanta, Ga.: The Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy, 1982.
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Swinton, D.H. Orthodox and systemic explanations for unemployment and racial inequality: Implications for policy. Rev Black Polit Econ 12, 9–25 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02873943
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02873943