Abstract
In a limno-corral (diameter 12 m, depth to sediments 10 m), located in Baldeggersee (Switzerland), vertical mixing has been measured during more than one year and compared to the conditions in the open lake (maximum depth 65 m, surface area 5.3 km2). The temperature method by McEwen and Hutchinson yields Kz values between 5×10−2 cm2s−1 at the upper boundary of the thermocline and 2×10−3 cm2s−1 at the bottom, a value near the molecular diffusion of heat at 4°C (1.36×10−3 cm2s−1). Kz calculated from profiles of excess radon-222 generally agree with those from the temperature data. Compared to the open lake, the corral has a more shallow epilimnion. However, during calm meteorological conditions, vertical mixing in the upper 10 m is similar outside and inside the corral.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Imboden, D. M., and Lerman, A.: Chemical models of lakes. In: Lerman, A. (ed.): Lakes: Chemistry, Geology, Physics. Springer, New York 1978.
Gächter, R.: MELIMEX, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: Goals, experimental design and major findings. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.41, 169–176 (1979).
Schmidt, W.: Wirkungen der ungeordneten Bewegungen im Wasser der Meere und Seen. Ann. Hydrogr. marit. Meteorol.45, 367, 431 (1917).
McEwen, G. F.: A mathematical theory of the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity in water under the action of radiation, conduction, evaporation, and mixing due to the resultant convection. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.2, 197 (1929).
Hutchinson, G. E.: A treatise in Limnology, vol. 1. Wiley, New York 1957.
Li, Y. -H.: Vertical eddy diffusion coefficient in Lake Zürich. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.35 1 (1973).
Jassby, A., and Powell, T.: Vertical patterns of eddy diffusion during stratification in Castle Lake, California. Limnol. Oceanogr.20, 530 (1975).
Welander, P.: Theoretical forms for the vertical exchange coefficients in a stratified fluid with application to lakes and seas. Geophys. Gothob.1, 1 (1968).
Von Herzen, R. P., Finckh, P., and Hsü, K. J.: Heat-flow measurements in Swiss lakes. J. Geophys.40, 141 (1974).
Broecker, W. S.: An application of natural radon to problems in ocean circulation In: Ichiye, T. (ed.): Diffusion in oceans and fresh waters, p. 116–145 Lamont Geol. Observatory (1965).
Imboden, D. M., and Emerson, S.: Natural radon and phosphorus as limnologic tracers: Horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion in Greifensee. Limnol. Oceanogr.23, 77 (1978).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation within the framework for its National Research Program on ‘Lake Currents.’
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Imboden, D.M., Eid, B.S.F., Joller, T. et al. MELIMEX, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: Vertical mixing in a large limno-corral. Schweiz. Z. Hydrologie 41, 177–189 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502244
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502244