Zusammenfassung
Die Intrusion granitischer Magmen in die obere Krust ist das Ergebnis eines komplexen Zusammenspiels von schwerkraftbedingten Prozessen und horizontalen, tektonichen Bewegungen. Die gro\e Vielfalt tektonischer Strukturen von granitischen Plutonen spiegelt die Geschichte der Dynamik, ihres Aufstieges und ihrer Platznahme wider. Um den jeweils vorhandenen Intrusionsmechanismus zusammenhängend deuten zu können, sind Vergleiche der natürlichen, tektonischen Elemente mit experimentellen und numerischen Modellen notwendig. Hieraus lassen sich gegebenenfalls weitreichende Schlüsse zum Problem des Aufstiegs und der endgültigen Platznahme der Magmen in der Erkruste ziehen.
In dieser Arbeit werden die wesentlichen Aufstiegsmechanismen von Magmen aus der Literatur diskutiert. Im Einzelnen sind dieses: Aufwölbung, Diapirismus, Aufweitung, Abbau, Kraterbildung und Gangentwicklung.
Das Vordringen von Gängen ist der wirksamste Proze\ des Magmentransports aus tieferen Zonen der Kruste und des oberen Mantels. Ausdehnungsklüfte lassen sich als Ursache für das Vordringen von Gängen und den Magmenaufstieg nach der heutigen Theorie über die Entwicklung von Gängen in der tiefen Kruste herleiten. In orogenen Zonen erreichen Magmen die obere Erdkruste durch enge Kanäle oder Gänge und reichern sich dort auch in Form eines dikordanten, subkrustalen oder aufgweiteten Plutons an, wenn gleichzeitig mit der Platznahme regionaltektonische Deformationen ablaufen.
Abstract
Granitoid magmas are emplaced at the upper crust under a complex interaction of gravitational processes and horizontal tectonics. Natural intrusive bodies show a wide variety of structural patterns that must be strongly related with their dynamic history of ascent and emplacement. Comparisons of natural structural patterns with experimental and numerical models are necessary to interpret in a coherent fashion the emplacement mechanism involved.
From natural, experimental, numerical and theoretical considerations one can reach important conclusions on the problem of ascent and final emplacement of granitoid magmas in the Earth's crust. The present paper reviews the principal emplacement mechanisms referred to in the literature; that is, doming, diapirism, ballooning, stoping, cauldron subsidence and dike propagation.
Dike propagation is the most effektive process in magma transport from deep zones in the crust and upper mantle. Extensional fractures for dike propagation and magma ascent can be developed at depth in the crust according to the modern dike propagation theory. In orogenic domains, magmas reach the upper crust through narrow channels or dikes and are accumulated in a final reservoir in the form of a discordant supracrustal pluton or a ballooning pluton if, during emplacement, any regional deformation acts simultaneously.
Resumen
Los magmas graníticos se emplazan en la corteza superior bajo una compleja interaccion entre procesos gravitatorios y tectónica horizontal. Los cuerpos intrusivos naturales muestran una amplia variedad de patrones estructurales que pueden estar directamente relacionados con la dinámica de ascenso y emplazamiento. Para explicar de forma cohérente el mecanismo de emplazamiento implicado en un plutón es necesario establecer comparaciones entre patrones estructurales de plutones y modelos experimentales y numéricos.
A partir de consideraciones naturales, experimentales, numéricas y teóricas, se pueden extraer importantes conclusiones sobre el problema del ascenso y emplazamiento de magmas en la corteza. En este trabajo se revisan los principales mecanismos de emplazamiento referidos en la literatura; es decir, doming, diapirismo, ballooning, stoping, cauldron subsidence y propagación de diques.
Propagación de diques es el proceso más efectivo en el transporte de magmas desde zonas profundas en la corteza y manto superior. De acuerdo con la moderna teoría de propagación de diques, las fracuras extensionales pueden producirse en profundidad en la corteza. En dominios orogénicos, los magmas alcanzan la corteza superior a través de estrechos canales o diques y se acumulan en un reservorio final, bien en forma de plutones discordantes supracrustales, o bien en la forma de un »ballooning pluton« si durante el emplazamiento actûa alguna deformación regional.
кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ
ИНтРУжИь гРАНИтОИДН ых МАгМ В ВЕРхНИЕ слОИ кОРы ьВльЕтсь РЕжУльтАтО М слОжНОгО ВжАИМОДЕИ стВИь пРОцЕссОВ, ВыжВАННых сИлОИ тьжЕстИ И гОРИж ОНтАльНыМИ тЕктОНИЧЕскИМИ ДВИж ЕНИьМИ. БОльшОЕ МНОгООБРАжИЕ тЕктОН ИЧЕскИх стРУктУР И гР АНИтНых плУтОНОВ ОтРАжАЕт ДИ НАМИкУ пОДНьтИь МАгМ.
ЧтОБы В кАжДОМ ОтДЕль НОМ слУЧАЕ УьсНИть ИМЕУЩИИсь ИНтРУжИИН ыИ МЕхАНИжМ сО ВсЕМИ ВжАИМОсВьжьМИ, НЕОБхОДИМО пРОВЕстИ сРАВНЕНИь пРИРОДНых тЕктОНИЧЕскИх ЁлЕМЕ НтОВ с ЁкспЕРИМЕНтАл ьНыМИ И НУМЕРИЧЕскИМИ МОДЕ льМИ. ВЕРОьтНО тОлькО тОгДА УДАстсь сДЕлАть ДАлЕкО ИДУЩИ Е ВыВОДы ОтНОсИтЕльНО ВОпРОсА пОДНьтИь И МЕ стА жАлЕгАНИь МАгМы В жЕМНОИ кОРЕ.
В ДАННОИ РАБОтЕ ОБсУж ДАУт ВАжНЕИшИЕ МЕхАН ИжМы пОДНьтИь МАгМ, пРИВЕД ЕННыЕ В лИтЕРАтУРЕ, т. Е: ОБРАжОВАНИЕ кУпОлОВ, ДИАпИРИжМ, РА спРОстРАНЕНИЕ, МАгМАтИЧЕскИЕ ОБВАл ы, ОБРАжОВАНИЕ кРАтЕР ОВ И жИл. ВИтИЕ жИл.
ВНЕДРЕНИЕ жИл ьВльЕт сь НАИБОлЕЕ ВАжНыМ пР ОцЕсОМ пЕРЕНОсА МАгМ Иж глУБ ОкИх жОН кОРы И ВЕРхНЕ И МАНтИИ. с тОЧкИ жРЕНИь сЕгОДНьшНЕИ тЕОРИИ О БРАжОВАНИь жИл В глУБИННОИ кОРЕ т РЕЩИНы РАстьжЕНИь ьВльУтсь пРИЧИНОИ ВН ЕДРЕНИь жИл И пОДЩЕМА МАгМы. В жОНАх ОРОгЕНА МАгМы ДОстИгАУт ВЕРх НЕИ кОРы пО УжкИМ кАНАлАМ, ИлИ жИлАМ И, ЕслИ ОДНОВ РЕМЕННО с Их ОБРАжОВАНИЕМ ИМЕ Ут МЕстО тЕктОНИЧЕск ИЕ ДЕФОРМАцИИ РЕгИОНАл ьНОгО хАРАктЕРА, ОБРА жУУт плУтОНОВыЕ тЕлА, жАлЕ гАУЩИЕ ДИскОРДАНтНО.
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Castro, A. On granitoid emplacement and related structures. A review. Geol Rundsch 76, 101–124 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820576
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820576