Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gene replacement

  • Mini-review
  • Published:
Molecular Breeding Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Accili D, Taylor SI: Targeted inactivation of the insulin receptor gene in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts via homologus recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4708–4712 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Altmann T, Schmidt R, Willmitzer L: Establishment of a gene tagging system inArabidopsis thaliana based on the maize transposable elementAc. Theor Appl Genet 84: 371–383 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Askew GR, Doetschman T, Lingrel JB: Site-directed point mutations in embryonic stem cells: a gene-targeting tag-and-exchange strategy. Mol Cell Biol 13: 4115–4124 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bancroft I, Bhatt AM, Sjodin C, Scofield S, Jones JDG, Dean C: Development of an efficient two-element transposon tagging system inArabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 233: 449–461 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Botstein D, Davis RW: Principles and practice of recombinant DNA with yeast. In: Strathern JN, Jones EW, Broach JR (eds) The Molecular Biology of the YeastSaccharomyces: Metabolism and Gene Expression, pp. 607–636. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bradley A, Hasty P, Davis A, Ramirez-Solis R: Modifying the mouse: design and desire. Biotechnology 10: 534–538 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Capecchi MR: Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244: 1288–1292 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Collins FS, Wilson JM: Cystic fibrosis: a welcome animal model. Nature 358: 708–708 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Czako M, An G: Expression of DNA coding for diphtheria toxin chain A is toxic to plant cells. Plant Physiol 95: 687–692 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Czako M, Marton L: The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene as a conditional negative selection marker gene inArabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 104: 1067–1071 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Damm B, Schmidt R, Willmitzer L: Efficient transformation ofArabidopsis thaliana via direct DNA transfer to protoplasts. Mol Gen Genet 217: 6–12 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  12. de Groot MJA: Studies on homologous recombination inNicotiana tabacum. Thesis, Leiden University, The Netherlands (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  13. de Groot MJA, Offringa R, Groet, J, Does MP, Hooykaas PJJ: Non-recombinant background in gene targeting: illegitimate recombination between a hpt gene and a defective 5′ deleted nptII gene can restore a KmR phenotype in tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 25: 721–733 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Deng C, Capecchi MR: Reexamination of gene targeting frequency as a function of the extent of homology between the targeting vector and the target locus. Mol Cell Biol 12: 3365–3371 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dorin JR, Inglis JD, Porteous DJ: Selection for precise chromosomal targeting of a dominant marker by homologous recombination. Science 243: 1357–1360 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gloor GB, Nassif NA, Johnson-Schlitz DM, Preston CR, Engles WR: Targeted gene replacement inDrosophila via P element-induced gap repair. Science 253: 1110–1117 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Halfter U: Studien zur homologen Rekombination inArabidopsis thaliana (L.). Thesis, Free University Berlin, Germany (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Halfter U, Morris P-C, Willmitzer L: Gene targeting inArabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 231: 186–193 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hasty P, Ramierez-Solis R, Krumlauf R, Bradley A: Introduction of a subtle mutation into the Hox-2.6 locus in embryonic stem cells. Nature 350: 243–246 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hasty P, Rivera-Perez J, Bradley A: The length of homology required for gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 11: 5586–5591 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hasty P, Crist M, Grompe M, Bradley A: Efficiency of insertion versus replacement vector targeting varies at different chromosomal loci. Mol Cell Biol 14: 8385–8390 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Herman L, Jacobs A, Van Montagu M, Depicker A: Plant chromosome/marker gene fusion assay for the study of normal and truncated T-DNA integration events. Mol Gen Genet 224: 248–256 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hobbs SLA, Warkentin TD, DeLong CMO: Transgene copy number can be positively or negatively associated with transgene expression. Plant Mol Biol 21: 17–26 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hrouda M, Paszkowski J: High fidelity extrachromosomal recombination and gene targeting in plants. Mol Gen Genet 243: 106–111 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Jasin M, Berg P: Homologous integration in mammalian cells without target gene selection. Genes Devel 2: 1353–1363 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Joyner AL, Skarnes WC, Rossant J: Production of a mutation in the mouse En2 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Nature 338: 153–156 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kertbundit S, De Greve H, de Boeck F, Van Montagu M, Hernalsteens JP: In vivo randomβ-glucuronidase gene fusions inArabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 5212–5216 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kim H-S, Smithies O: Recombinant fragment assay for gene targeting based on the polymerase chain reaction. Nucl Acids Res 16: 8887–8903 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kitamura D, Roes J, Kuhn R, Rajewsky K: A B-cell deficient mouse by targeted disruption of the membrane exon of the immunoglobulin m chain gene. Nature 350: 423–426 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Koes R, Souer E, Mur L, Spelt K: Determination of gene function in petunia by PCR-based selection of transposon insertion mutants (abstract 2071). In: Abstracts of the 4th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology. ISPMB, Amsterdam (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Koltunow AM, Truettner J, Cox KH, Wallroth M, Goldberg RB: Different temporal and spatial gene expression patterns occur during anther development. Plant Cell 2: 1201–1224 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Koncz C, Martini N, Mayerhofer R, Koncz-Kahlman Z, Körber H, Redei CP, Schell J: High frequency T-DNA mediated gene tagging in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 8467–8471 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Laird PW, Zijderveld A, Linders K, Rudnicki MA, Jaenisch R, Berns A: Simplified mammalian DNA isolation procedure. Nucl Acids Res 19: 4293–4293 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lebel EG, Masson J, Bogucki A, Paszkowski J: Stressinduced intrachromosomal recombination in plant somatic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 422–426 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lee KY, Lund P, Lowe K, Dunsmuir P: Homologous recombination in plant cells afterAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell 2: 415–425 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Long D, Martin M, Sundeberg E, Swinburne J, Puangsomlee P, Coupland G: The maize transposable element system Ac/Ds as a mutagen inArabidopsis: identification of an albino mutation induced by Ds insertion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10370–10374 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Maliga P: Towards plastid transformation in flowering plants. Trends Biotechnol 11: 101–106 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Maliga P, Staub J, Carrer H, Kanevski I, Svab Z: Homologous recombination and integration of foreign DNA in plastids of higher plants. In: Paszkowski J (ed) Homologous Recombination and Gene Silencing in Plants, pp. 83–94. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mansour SL, Thomas KR, Capecchi MR: Disruption of the protooncogeneint-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to nonselectable genes. Nature 336: 348–352 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mansour SL, Thomas KR, Deng C, Capecchi MR: Introduction of alacZ reporter gene into the mouseint-2 locus by homologous recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 7688–7692 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  41. McCarrick JW, Parnes JR, Seong RH, Solter D, Knowles BB: Positive-negative selection gene targeting with the diphtheria toxin A-chain gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Transgenic Res 2: 183–190 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  42. McMahon AP, Bradley A: TheWnt-1 (int-1) protooncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain. Cell 62: 1073–1085 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Meyerhans A, Vartanian J-P, Wain-Hobson S: DNA recombination during PCR. Nucl Acids Res 18: 1687–1691 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mombaerts P, Clarke AR, Hooper ML, Tonegawa S: Creation of a large genomic deletion at the T-cell antigen receptorβ-subunit locus in mouse embryonic stem cells by gene targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 3084–3087 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mullen CA, Kilstrup M, Blaese RM: Transfer of the bacterial gene for cytosine deaminase to mammalian cells confers lethal sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine: a negative selection system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9933–9937 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Negrutiu I, Shillito R, Potrykus I, Biasini G, Sala F: Hybrid genes in the analysis of transformation conditions. Plant Mol Biol 8: 363–373 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Offringa R: Gene targeting in plants using theAgrobacterium vector system. Thesis, Leiden University, The Netherlands (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Offringa R, de Groot MJA, Haagsman HJ, Does MP, van den Elzen PJM, Hooykaas PJJ: Extrachromosomal homologous recombination and gene targeting in plant cells afterAgrobacterium mediated transformation. EMBO J 9: 3077–3084 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Offringa R, Franke-van Dijk ME, de Groot MJA, van den Elzen PJM, Hooykaas PJJ: Nonreciprocal homologous recombination betweenAgrobacterium transferred DNA and a plant chromosomal locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 900: 7346–7350 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Offringa R, van den Elzen PJM, Hooykaas PJJ: Gene targeting in plants using theAgrobacterium vector system. Transgenic Res 1: 114 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ohl S, Offringa R, van den Elzen PJM, Hooykaas PJJ: Gene replacement in plants. In: Paszkowski J (ed) Homologous Recombination and Gene Silencing in Plants, pp. 191–217. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Paszkowski J, Baur M, Bogucki A, Potrykus I: Gene targeting in plants. EMBO J 7: 4021–4026 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Paszkowski J, Peterhans A, Schlüpmann H, Basse C, Lebel EG, Masson J: Protoplasts as tools for plant genome modifications. Physiol Plant 85: 352–356 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pennington SL, Wilson JH: Gene targeting in Chinese hamster ovary cells is conservative. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9498–9502 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Perera RJ, Linard CG, Signer ER: Cytosine deaminase as a negative selective marker forArabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 23: 793–799 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Plasterk RHA, Groenen JTM: Targeted alterations of theCaenorhabditis elegans genome by transgene instructed DNA double strand break repair following Tcl excision. EMBO J 11: 287–290 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Puchta H, Dujon B, Hohn B: Homologous recombination in plant cells is enhanced by in vivo induction of double strand breaks into DNA by a site-specific endonuclease. Nucl Acids Res 21: 5034–5040 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ramirez-Solis R, Rivera-Perez J, Wallace JD, Wims M, Zheng H, Bradley A: Genomic DNA microextraction: a method to screen numerous samples. Anal Biochem 201: 331–335 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Rommens CMT, van Haaren MJJ, Nijkamp HJ, Hille J: Differential repair of excision gaps generated by transposable elements of the ‘Ac family’. BioEssays 15: 507–512 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rudolph U, Brabet P, Hasty P, Bradley A, Birnbaumer L: Disruption of the Gi2 locus in embryonic stem cells and mice: a modified hit and run strategy with detection by a PCR dependent on gap repair. Transgenic Res 2: 345–355 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Schulman MJ, Nissen L, Collins C: Homologous recombination in hybridoma cells: dependence on time and fragment length. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4466–4472 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Sedivy JM, Sharp PA: Positive genetic selection for gene disruption in mammalian cells by homologous recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 227–231 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Smithies O, Gregg RG, Boggs SS, Koralewski MA, Kucherlapati RS: Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomalβ-globin locus by homologous recombination. Nature 317: 230–234 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Song K-Y, Schwartz F, Maeda N, Smithies O, Kucherlapati R: Accurate modification of a chromosomal plasmid by homologous recombination in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6820–6824 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Soriano P, Montgomery C, Geske R, Bradley A: Targeted disruption of the c-src proto-oncogene leads to osteopetrosis in mice. Cell 64: 693–702 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  66. St Clair MH, Miller WH, Miller RL, Lambe CU, Furman PA: Inhibition of cellular alpha DNA polymerase and herpes simplex virus-induced DNA polymerases by the triphosphate of BW759U. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 191–194 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Stougaard J: Substrate-dependent negative selection in plants using a bacterial cytosine deaminase gene. Plant J 3: 755–761 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Szostak JW, Orr-Weaver TL, Rothstein RJ, Stahl FW: The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell 33: 25–35 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  69. te Riele H, Maandag ER, Berns A: Highly efficient gene targeting in embryonic stem cells through homologous recombination with isogenic DNA constructs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 5128–5132 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Thomas KR, Capecchi MR: Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell 51: 503–512 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Thomas KR, Capecchi MR: Targeted disruption of the murineint-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in the midbrain and cerebellar development. Nature 346: 847–850 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Thomas KR, Folger KR, Capecchi MR: High frequency targeting of genes to specific sites in the mammalian genome. Cell 44: 419–428 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Thompson S, Clarke AR, Pow AM, Hooper ML, Melton DW: Germ line transmission and expression of a corrected HPRT gene produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Cell 56: 313–321 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Thorsners MK, Kandasamy M, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB: ABrassica S-locus gene promoter targets toxic gene expression and cell death to the pistil and pollen of transgenicNicotiana. Devel Biol 143: 173–184 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tovar J, Lichtenstein CP: Somatic and meiotic chromosomal recombination between inverted duplications in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Cell 4: 319–332 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Valancius V, Smithies O: Testing an ‘in-out’ targeting procedure for making subtle genomic modifications in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 11: 1402–1408 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  77. van Deursen J, Wieringa B: Targeting of the creatine kinase M gene in embryonic stem cells using isogenic and nonisogenic vectors. Nucl Acids Res 20: 3815–3820 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Weinmann P, Gossen M, Hillen W, Bujard H, Gatz C: A chimeric transactivator allows tetracycline responsive gene expression in whole plants. Plant J 5: 559–569 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Wu H, Liu X, Jaenisch R: Double replacement: strategy for efficient introduction of subtle mutations into the murine Colla-1 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2819–2823 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Yagi T, Ikawa Y, Yoshida Y, Shigetani Y, Takeda N, Mabuchi I, Yamamota T, Aizawa S: Homologous recombination at c-fyn locus of mouse embryonic stem cells with use of diphtheria toxin A-fragment in negative selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9918–9922 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Zimmer A, Gruss P: Production of chimeric mice containing embryonic stem (ES) cells carrying a homeoboxHox1.1 allele mutated by homologous recombination. Nature 338: 150–153 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands

    R. Morton & P. J. J. Hooykaas

Authors
  1. R. Morton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. J. J. Hooykaas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Morton, R., Hooykaas, P.J.J. Gene replacement. Mol Breeding 1, 123–132 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01249697

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01249697

Search

Navigation