Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Upper Paleolithic period in the Levant

  • Published:
Journal of World Prehistory Aims and scope

Abstract

The classic Upper Paleolithic sequence in the Levant was based on a series of stratified assemblages with culture-specific type fossils. Research in the last two decades has revealed numerous assemblages that cannot be accommodated within the classic sequence. The recently discovered assemblages are now regarded as representing two large entities that differ in both technology and typology. The locally developed Ahmarian is dominated by blades and bladelets, while the Levantine Aurignacian (probably an intrusive from the north) is dominated by flakes and by endscrapers or burins. The nature and contents of the sites suggest that Levantine Upper Paleolithic people were organized as small bands of mobile foragers, whose important resources were ungulate meat and plant foods. This subsistence economy and the associated settlement patterns lasted till about 13,000 B.P. and was succeeded by the Natufian culture with an entirely new socioeconomic organization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albrecht, G. (1988). An Upper Palaeolithic sequence from Antalya in southern Turkey. Results of the 1985 cave excavation in Karain B. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 8, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 23–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anati, E. (1958). Recherches préhistorique au Sinaï.Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 54 209–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B. (1977). New Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Israel.Eretz Israel 13 208*-215*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B., and Bar-Yosef, O. (1973). Human remains from Ein-Gev I, Jordan Valley, Israel.Paléorient 1 201–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B., and Rak, Y. (1979). The search for early man in Israel. In Horowitz, A.,The Quaternary of Israel, Academic Press, New York, pp. 293–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avnimelech, M. (1937). Sur les mollusques trouvés dans les couches préhistorique et protohistorique de Palestine.Journal of the Palestinian Oriental Society 17 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azouri, I. (1986).Ksar Akil Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Transitional and Early Upper Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil and Abu Halka, Vol. I. Levels XXV–XII, BAR International Series 289, BAR, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhdash, J. (1982).Das Jungpaläolithikum von Jabrud in Syrien, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Köln, Köln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bankroft, H. (1937). Report on the charcoal fragments. In Garrod, D. A. E., and Bate, D. M. A.,The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1970a).The Epi-Palaeolithic Cultures of Palestine, Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1970b). Prehistoric sites near Ashdod.Palestine Exploration Quarterly 102 53–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1973). Nahal Ein Gev I, preliminary report.Mitekufat Haeven 11 1–7 (Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1975). The Epipaleolithic in Palestine and Sinai. In Wendorf, F., and Marks, A. E. (eds.),Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 363–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1983). The Natufian of the Southern Levant. In Young, T. C., Smith, P. E. L., and Mortensen, P. (eds.),The Hilly Flanks and Beyond, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization No. 36. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 11–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1989). Geochronology of the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic. In Mellars, P., and Stringer, C. (eds.),The Human Revolution, Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 589–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer, A. (1977). The Lagaman industry. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Phillips, J. L. (eds.),Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7, Hebrew University. Jerusalem, pp. 42–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1988). The Early Upper Paleolithic in Levantine caves. In Hoffecker, J. F., and Wolf, C. A. (eds.),The Early Upper Paleolithic, Evidence from Europe and the Near East, BAR International Series 437, BAR Oxford, pp. 23–41.

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1989). The origins of sedentism and farming communities in the Levant.Journal of World Prehistory 3 447–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and Goldberg, P. (1988). An outline of the chronology of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Levant. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol.2, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and Phillips, J. L. (eds.) (1977).Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., and Vandermeersch, B. (1972). The stratigraphical and cultural problems of the passage from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic in the Palestine caves. In Bordes, F. (ed.),The Origins of Homo Sapiens, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 221–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baruch, U., and Bar-Yosef, O. (1986). Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from Wadi Sudr, Western Sinai.Paléorient 12 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bate, D. M. A. (1937). Part II: Palaeontology: The fossil fauna of the Wady El-Mughara caves. In Garrod, D. A. E., and Bate, D. M. A.,The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 135–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begin, Z. B., Ehrlich, A., and Nathan, Y. (1974). Lake Lisan, the Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea.Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Israel 63, Jerusalem.

  • Begin, Z. B., Nathan, Y., and Ehrlich, A. (1980). Stratigraphy and facies distribution in the Lisan formation: New evidence from the south of the Dead Sea.Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 182–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen, A. (1988). The appearance of symbolic expression in the Upper Pleistocene of the Levant as compared to western Europe. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 5, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen, A., and Bar-Yosef, O. (1981). The Aurignacian at Hayonim cave.Paléorient 7: 19–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen, A., and Goldberg, P. (1982). An Upper Palaeolithic site in south central Sinai.Israel Exploration Journal 32: 185–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen A., and Goring-Morris, A. N. (1986). Har Horesha I: An Upper Paleolithic occupation in the Western Negev Highlands.Mitekufat Haeven 19: 43*-57*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, C. A. (1981). Point types in the Upper Palaeolithic sequence at Ksar 'Akil, Lebanon. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 319–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, C. A. (1987).Ksar Akil Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil, Vol. II. Levels XIII–VI, BAR International Series 329, BAR, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, C. A. (1988). Ksar Akil and the Upper Palaeolithic of the Levant.Paléorient 14: 201–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, C. A., and Goring-Morris, A. N. (1987). Conference: The Levantine Aurignacian with special reference to Ksar Akil, Lebanon. March 27–28, 1987. Institute of Archaeology, London.Paléorient 13: 142–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besançon, J. (1981). Stratigraphie et chronologie du quaternaire continental du Proche Orient. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 33–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1980). Willow smoke and dogs' tails: hunter- gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation.American Antiquity 45: 4–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1982). The archaeology of place.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R., and Binford, S. R. (1966). A preliminary analysis of functional variability in the Mousterian of Levallois facies.American Anthropologist 68: 238–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, S. R. (1966). Mearat Shovach (Mugharet es Shubbabiq).Israel Exploration Journal 16: 18–32, 96–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, S. R. (1968). Early Upper Palaeolithic adaptations in the Levant.American Anthropologist 70: 707–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, J. L., Soler, N., Maroto, J., and Julia, R. (1989). Abrupt Mousterian/Aurignacian boundary at ca. 40 ka bp: Accelerator C-14 dates from L'Arbeda Cave (Catalunya, Spain).Journal of Archaeological Sciences 16: 563–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordes, F., and de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (1971). The significance of variability in Palaeolithic assemblages.World Archaeology 2: 61–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottema, S., and Van Zeist, W. (1981). Palynological evidence for the climatic history of the Near East 50,000–6,000. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 111–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchud, J. (1974). Étude préliminaire de la faune provenant de la grotte du Djebel Qafzeh, près de Nazereth, Israël.Paléorient 2: 87–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyko, H. (1947). A Laurel forest in Palestine (Laurtum Quercetosum infectoriae).Palestine Journal of Botany 6: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzer, K. W. (1975). Patterns of environmental changes in the Near East during the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene. In Wendorf, F., and Marks, A. E. (eds.),Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 389–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzer, K. W. (1978). The late prehistoric environmental history of the Near East. In Brice, W. C. (ed.),The Environmental History of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age, Academic Press, London, pp. 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzer, K. W., Beaumont P. B., and Vogel, J. C. (1978). Lithostratigraphy of Border Cave, KwaZulu, South Africa: A Middle Stone Age sequence beginning c. 195,000 B.P.Journal of Archaeological Sciences 5: 317–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzy, D. (1927). Les stations lithiques d'el Quseime.Revue Biblique 36: 90–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzy, D. (1929). Une station Magdalénienne dans le Négeb (Ain el-Qudeirat).Revue Biblique 38: 364–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, B. F. (1988). Late Pleistocene settlement diversity in the Azraq Basin.Paléorient 14: 257–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera-Valdes, V., and Bischoff, J. L. (1989). Accelerator C-14 dates for Early Upper Paleolithic (Basal Aurignacian) at EI Castillo Cave (Spain).Journal of Archaeological Sciences 16: 577–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G. A., and Lindly, J. M. (1988). The biocultural transition and origin of modern humans.Paléorient 14: 159–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A., Majchrowicz, D., and Coinman, N. R. (1988). A typological and technological study of Upper Paleolithic collections from the WHS with observations on adjacent time-stratigraphic units. In MacDonald, B. (ed.),The Wadi el Hasa Archaeological survey 1979–1983, West-Central Jordan, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, pp. 87–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, D. L. (1978).Analytical Archaeology, 2nd ed., Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coinman, N., Clark, G. A., and Lindly, J. (1986). Prehistoric hunter-gatherer settlement in the Wadi Hasa, west-central Jordan. In Straus, L. G. (ed.),The End of the Paleolithic in the Old World, BAR International Series 284, BAR, Oxford, pp. 129–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conkey, M. W. (1980). The identification of prehistoric hunter- gatherer aggregation sites: The case of Altamira.Current Anthropology 21: 609–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L. (1970). The Early Upper Palaeolithic material from levels VII–V, Antelias Cave, Lebanon.Berytus 19: 99–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L. (1975). The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research. In Wendorf, F., and Marks, A. E. (eds.),Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 317–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L. (1976). Terminological correlations in the Early Upper Palaeolithic of Lebanon and Syria. In Wendorf, F. (ed.),Deuxième Colloque sur la Terminologie de la Préhistoire au Proche Orient, IXe Congrès UISPP, Nice, pp. 35–48.

  • Copeland, L., and Hours, F. (1971). The later Upper Palaeolithic material from Antelias Cave, Lebanon, levels IV–I.Berytus 20: 57–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danin, A. (1983).Desert Vegetation of Israel and Sinai, Cana, Jerusalem.

  • Davis, S. (1974). Incised bones from the Mousterian of Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) and the Aurignacian of Ha-Yonim Cave (western Galilee), Israel.Paléorient 2: 181–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. (1977). The ungulate remains from Kebara Cave.Eretz Israel 13: 151*-161*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S. J. M. (1982). Climatic change and the advent of domestication: the succession of ruminant ariodactyles in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene in the Israel region.Paléorient 8: 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demars, P.-Y., and Hublin, J.-J. (1988). La transition Néandertaliens/hommes de type moderne en Europe occidentale: Aspects paléontologiques et culturelles. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 7, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 23–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (1956). Paléolithique Supérieur et Mésolithique à Jabrud.L'Anthropologie 60: 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dortch, C. E. (1970).A Typological Analysis of Some Late Aurignacian Levels at Ksar Akil, M. A. thesis, University of London, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P. C. (1989). Revising the Broad Spectrum Revolution: Its role in the origins of southwest Asian food production.Antiquity 63: 225–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P. C., Bourke, S. J., Colledge, S. M., Head, J., and Macumber, P. G. (1988). Late Pleistocene prehistory in the Wadi al-Hammeh, Jordan Valley. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, G.-H. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, Part 2, BAR International Series 396, BAR, Oxford, pp. 525–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferring, C. R. (1976). Sde Divshon: An Upper Palaeolithic site in the Divshon plain. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. I, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 199–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferring, C. R. (1977). The Late Upper Palaeolithic site of Ein Aqev East. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU, Dallas, pp. 81–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferring, R. C. (1980).Technological Variability and Change in the Late Palaeolithic of the Negev, Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferring, C. R. (1988). Technological change in the Upper Palaeolithic of the Negev. In Dibble, H. L., and Montet-White, A. (eds.),Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia, University Museum Monograph 54, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 333–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, K. V. (1969). Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In Ucko, P. J., and Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.),The Domestication of Plants and Animals, Gerald Duckworth, London, pp. 73–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, T. (1979). Upper Paleolithic and Epi-Paleolithic assemblages in Palmyra Basin—Site 50 and Site 74. In Hanihara, K., and Akazawa, T. (eds.),Paleolithic Site of Douara Cave and Paleogeography of Palmyra Basin In Syria, Part II, University Museum, Tokyo, pp. 77–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, C. S. (1982). Interaction and alliance in Palaeolithic society.Man 17 92–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, C. (1986).The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrard, A. N., Betts, A., Byrd, B., and Hunt, C. (1988). A summary of palaeoenvironmental and prehistoric investigations in the Azrak Basin. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, G.-H. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, Part 1, BAR International Series 396, BAR, Oxford, pp. 311–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. (1951). A transitional industry from the base of the Upper Palaeolithic in Palestine.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.80 121–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. (1954). Excavations at the Mugharet el-Kebara, Mount Carmel, 1931, the Aurignacian industries.Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 20 155–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. (1955). The Mugharet el-Emireh in Lower Galilee: Type station of the Emiran industry.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 55 141–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. (1957a). Notes sur le Paléolithique Supérieur du Moyen Orient.Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 55 439–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E. (1957b). The Natufian culture: the life and economy of a Mesolithic people in the Near East.Proceedings of the British Academy 43 221–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. (1966). Mugharet el-Bezez, Adlun; Interim report, July 1965.Bulletin de Musée de Beyrouth 19 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D.A.E., and Bate, D.M.A. (1937).The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gat, J. R. (1981). Paleo-climate conditions in the Levant as revealed by the isotopic composition of paleowaters.Israel Meteorological Research Papers 3 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, D. (1974). Epi-Palaeolithic find spots in the Sharon.Mitekufat Haeven 12 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1977). Lagama X. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Phillips, J. L. (eds.),Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara Northern Sinai, Qedem 7, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, pp. 102–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1981a). Upper Palacolithic tool assemblages from the Negev and Sinai. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 331–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1981b).The Upper Palaeolithic in Sinai and the Negev, Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1983). Upper Palaeolithic occurrences in Sinai and the transition to the Epi-Palaeolithic in the Southern Levant.Paléorient 9 39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1984a). Palaeolithic sites in northeastern Sinai.Paléorient 10 135–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1984b). Is the term Epipalaeolithic relevant for Levantine prehistory?Current Anthropology 25 227–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1985). The settlement patterns at Gebel Maghara (northern Sinai) in the Upper Palaeolithic.Mitekufat Haeven 18 67*-69*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1988). The Upper Palaeolithic to Epi-Paleolithic transition in the Levant.Paléorient 14 177–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1989). The Upper Palaeolithic in the southern Levant: Periodization and terminology. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Vandermeersch, B. (eds.),Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory, BAR International Series 497, BAR, Oxford, pp. 231–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I., and Bar-Yosef, O. (1987). Prehistoric sites in Kadesh Barnea area. In Gvirtzman, G., Shmueli, A., Grados, Y., Beit-Arieh, I., and Har-El, M. (eds.),Sinai, Vol. 2, Ministry of Defence, Tel Aviv, pp. 579–588 (Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gisis, I., and Gilead, I. (1977). Lagama III. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Phillips, J. L. (eds.),Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara Northern Sinai, Qedem 7, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, pp. 85–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladfelter, B. G. (1988). Late Pleistocene lakes within the mountains of southern Sinai: Observations at the Tarfat oasis.Bulletin de la Société de Géographie D'Égypte 61–62 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladfelter, B. G. (1990). The geomorphic setting of Upper Paleolithic sites in Wadi el Sheikh, southern Sinai.Geoarchaeology 5 99–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P. (1981). Late Quaternary stratigraphy of Israel: An eclectic view. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P. (1984). Late Quaternary history of Qadesh Barnea, northeastern Sinai.Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 28 193–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P. (1986). Late Quaternary environmental history of the southern Levant.Geoarchaeology 1 225–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P., and Bar-Yosef, O. (1982). Environmental and archaeological evidence for climatic change in the southern Levant. In Bintliff, J. L., and Van Zeist, W. (eds.),Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, BAR International Series 133, BAR, Oxford, pp. 399–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzáles Echegaray, J. (1964).Excavaciones en la Terraza de “El Khiam” (Jordania), I, Madrid, Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana V.

  • Gonzáles Echegaray, J. (1966).Excavaciones en la Terraza de “El Khiam” (Jordania), II, Madrid, Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana V.

  • Gonzáles Echegaray, J. (1978). Notes towards a systematization of the Upper Palaeolithic in Palestine. In Freeman, L. G. (ed.),View of the Past: Essays in Old World Prehistory and Paleoanthropology, Mouton, The Hague, pp. 171–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzáles Echegaray, Echegaray,J. (1987). La industria microlitica en el Paleolithico Superior de Palestina.Il Simposio Bíblico Españiol. Fundación Bíblica Española, Valencia-Cordoba, pp. 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzáles Echegaray, J., and Freeman, G. L. (1989). A reevaluation of El Khiam (Desert of Judea).Aula Orientalis 7 37–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodfriend, G. A., and Magaritz, M. (1988). Paleosols and late Pleistocene rainfalls fluctuations in the Negev Desert.Nature 332 144–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, A. N. (1980a). Upper Palaeolithic sites from Wadi Fazael, Lower Jordan Valley.Paléorient 6 173–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, A. N. (1980b).Late Quarternary in Wadi Fazael, Lower Jordan Valley, M.A. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, N. (1986). Sociocultural aspects of marine mollusks use in the Terminal Pleistocene in the Negev and Sinai regions of the Southern Levant. In Hays, C. F., III (ed.),Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference. Selected Papers, Research Records No. 20, Rochester Museum and Science Centre, New York, pp. 175–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, A. N. (1987).At the Edge: Terminal Pleistocene Hunters-Gatherers in the Negev and Sinai, BAR International Series 361, BAR, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, A. N. (1988). Trends in the spatial organization of Terminal Pleistocene hunters-gatherers occupations as viewed from the Negev and Sinai.Paléorient 14 231–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, A. N., and Rosen, S. A. (1989). An Upper Palaeolithic assemblage with Chamfered pieces from the Central Negev, Israel.Mitekufat Haeven 22 31*-40*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller, J. (1941–1943). Notes de préhistoire phénicienne: l'Abri d'Abou Halka (Tripoli).Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 6 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanihara, K., and Sakaguchi, Y. (eds.,) (1978).Paleolithic Site of Douara Cave and Paleogeography of Palmyra Basin In Syria, Part I, University Museum, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, R. E., Housley, R. A., Law, I. A., and Bronk, C. R. (1990). Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 10.Archaeometry 32 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. (1975). The fauna in Near Eastern archaeological deposits. In Wendorf, F., and Marks, A. E. (eds.),Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 379–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. (1982). The prehistory of southern Jordan and relations with the Levant.Journal of Field Archaeology 9: 417–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. (1985). Preagricultural sedentism: The Natufian example. In Price, T. D., and Brown, J. A. (eds.),Prehistoric Hunters-Gatherers, the Emergence of Cultural Complexity, Academic Press, New York, pp. 365–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O. (1988). Summary of prehistoric and palaeoenvironmental research in the Northern Hisma. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, G.-H. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, Part 1, BAR International Series 396, BAR, Oxford, pp. 3–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. O., and Servello, F. (1974). Compendium of C14 determinations derived from Near Eastern prehistoric sites.Paléorient 2: 19–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hietala, H. J., and Marks, A. E. (1981). Changes in spatial organization at the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transitional site of Boker Tachtit, central Negev, Israel. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 305–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgs, E. S. (1967). Faunal fluctuations and climate in Lybia. In Bishop, W. W., and Clark, J. D. (eds.),Background to Evolution in Africa, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp. 149–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hole, F., and Flannery, K. V. (1967). The Prehistory of southwest Iran: A preliminary report.Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 33: 147–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooijer, D. A. (1961). The fossil vertebrates of Ksâr 'Akil, a Palaeolithic rock shelter in Lebanon.Zoologische Verhandelingen 49 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. (1976). Late Quaternary environments of prehistoric settlements. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU, Dallas, pp. 57–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. (1979).The Quaternary of Israel, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. (1983). Boker Tachtit and Boker: The pollen record. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. III, SMU, Dallas, pp. 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. (1989). Prehistoric cultures of Israel: Correlations with oxygen isotope scale. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Vandermeersch, B. (eds.),Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory, BAR International Series 497, BAR, Oxford, pp. 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hours, F. (1976). L'Epipaléolithique au Liban. Résultats acquis en 1975. In Wendorf, F. (ed.),Deuxième Colloque sur la Terminologie de la Préhistoire au Proche Orient, IXe Congrès UISPP, Nice, pp. 106–110.

  • Hovers, E. (1990). Art in the Levantine Epi-Palaeolithic: An engraved pebble from a Kebaran site in the Lower Jordan Valley.Current Anthropology 31 317–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inizan, M.-L., and Gaillard, J. M. (1978). Coquillages de Ksar-'Aqil: éléments de Parure?Paléorient 4 295–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issar, A., and Eckstein, Y. (1969). The lacustrine beds of Wadi Feiran, Sinai, their origin and significance.Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 18 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issar, A., and Gilead, I. (1986). Pleistocene climates and hydrology of the Negev (Israel) and Sinai (Egypt) deserts. In Thorweihe, U. (ed.), Impact of Climatic Variation on East Saharan Groundwaters—Modelling of Large Scale Flow Regimes.Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A/72, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, A. J. (1982). The Tabun Cave and Paleolithic Man in the Levant.Science 216 1369–1375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. A. (1982). Organizational structure and scalar stress. In Renfrew, A. C., Rowlands, M. J., and Segraves, B. A. (eds.),Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, London, Academic Press, pp. 389–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M., Marks, A. E., and Kaufman, D. (1983). Boker: The artifacts. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. III, SMU, Dallas, pp. 283–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, D. (1987). Interassemblage variability of metric attributes from lithic assemblages of the Late Upper Palaeolithic of Israel.Mitekufat Haeven 20 37*-49*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, D. (1988). Lithic assemblages and settlement patterns of the Late Upper Palaeolithic of Israel.Mitekufat Haeven 21 7*-19*.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, D., and Ronen, A. (1987). La sépulture Kébarienne Géométrique de Névé-David Haifa, Israël.L'Anthropologie 91 335–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, L. H. (1980).Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses, a Microwear Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozloff, B. (1974). A brief note on the lithic industries of Sinai.Museum Ha'aretz Annual 15–16 35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, J. K. (1988) L'apparition du Paléolithique Supérieur. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 8, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, P. A., and Marks, A. E. (1977). Two Upper Palaeolithic sites in Har Harif. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU, Dallas, pp. 173–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laville, H., Rigaud, J. P., and Sacket, J. (1980).Rock Shelters of the Perigord, Academic Press, New York, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. B. (1968). What hunters do for living, or, how to make out on scarce resources. In Lee, R. B., and DeVore, L (eds.),Man the Hunter, Adline, Chicago, pp. 30–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lévêque, F. (1988). L'homme de Saint-Césaire: sa place dans le Castelperronien de Poitou-Charantes. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 8, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liphschitz, N., and Waisel, Y. (1977). Dendrochronological investigations in Israel: Central Negev—Nahal Zin. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU, Dallas, pp. 355–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luz, B. (1982). Palaeoclimatic interpretations of the last 20,000 yr record of deep sea cored around the Middle East. In Bintliff, J. L., and Van Zeist, W. (eds.),Palaeoclimates, Paleoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, BAR International Series 133, BAR, Oxford, pp. 41–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malez, M., and Cronolatac, I. (1971). Two new Palaeolithic sites at Sinai.Bulletin Scientific Conseil Académie RSF Yougoslavie, Section A 2(4–6): 102–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (ed.) (1976a).Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. I, SMU Press, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1976b). Ein Aqev: A late Levantine Upper Paleolithic site in the Nahal Aqev. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. I, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 227–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1976c). Terminology and chronology of the Levantine Upper Paleolithic as seen from the central Negev, Israel. In Wendorf, F. (ed.),Deuxième Colloque sur la Terminologie de la Préhistoire au Proche Orient, IXe Congrès UISPP, Nice, pp. 49–76.

  • Marks, A. E. (ed.) (1977a).Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU Press, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1977b). Introduction: A preliminary overview of the central Negev prehistory. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1981). The Upper Palaeolithic in the Negev. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 343–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (ed.) (1983a).Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. III, SMU Press, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1983b). The sites of Boker and Boker Tachtit: A brief introduction. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. III, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 15–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1983c). The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Levant. In Wendorf, F., and Close, A. E. (eds.),Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York, pp. 51–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E. (1988). The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the southern Levant: Technological change as an adaptation to increasing mobility. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 8, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 109–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and Ferring, C. R. (1976). Upper Paleolithic sites near Ein Avdat. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. I, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 141–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and Ferring, C. R. (1988). The Early Upper Paleolithic of the Levant. In Hoffecker, J. F., and Wolf, C. A. (eds.),The Early Upper Paleolithic, Evidence from Europe and the Near East, BAR International Series 437, BAR, Oxford, pp. 43–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and Freidel, D. A. (1977). Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Avdat/Aqev area. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. II, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 131–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and Kaufman, D. (1983). Boker Tachtit: The artifacts. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. III, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 69–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and Volkman, P. (1986). The Mousterian of Ksar Akil: Levels XXVIA through XXVIIIB.Paléorient 12 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshack, A. (1972).The Roots of Civilization, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshack, A. (1988). The Neanderthals and the human capacity for symbolic thought: Cognitive and problem-solving aspects of Mousterian symbol. In Otte, M. (ed.),L'Homme de Néandertal, Vol. 5, ERAUL, Liège, pp. 57–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBurney, C. B. M. (1967).The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of South-East Mediterranean, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCown, T. D., and Keith, A. (1939).The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol. II, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNikol, A. W., Edwards, P. C., Hosking, J., Macumber, P. G., Walmsley, A. G., and Watson, P. M. (1986). Preliminary report of University of Sydney's seventh season of excavations at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) in 1985.Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 30 155–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellaart, J. (1975).The Neolithic of the Near East. Thames and Hudson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellars, P. (1989). Major Issues in the Emergence of Homo sapiens.Current Anthropology 30 349–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellars, P., and Tixier, J. (1989). Radiocarbon-accelerator dating of Ksar 'Aqil (Lebanon) and the chronology of the Upper Palaeolithic sequence in the Middle East.Antiquity 63 761–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naveh, Z. (1984). The vegetation of the Carmel and Nahal Sefunim and the evolution of the cultural landscape. In Ronen, A. (ed.),Sefunim Prehistoric Sites Mount Carmel, Israel, BAR International Series 230, BAR, Oxford, pp. 23–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neev, D., and Emery, K. O. (1967). The Dead Sea.Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Israel 41, Jerusalem.

  • Neuville, R. (1934). Le préhistorique de Palestine.Revue Biblique 43 237–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuville, R. (1951).Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du Désert de Judée, Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, M. H. (1971). Un nouveau type de burin á Ksar Akil (Liban).Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 68 267–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, M. (1987). Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). In Bergman, C. A. (ed.),Ksar Akil Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil, Vol. II. Levels XIII–VI, BAR International Series 329, pp. 284–307.

  • Newcomer, M. H., and Hudson, F. R. (1973). Constellation analysis of burins from Ksar Akil. In Strong, D. O. (ed.),Archaeological Theory and Practice, Seminar Press, London, New York, pp. 87–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer, M., and Watson, J. (1984). Bone artifacts from Ksar Akil (Lebanon).Paléorient 10 143–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohnuma, K. (1988).Ksar Akil, Lebanon;: A Technological Study of the Earlier Upper Palaeolithic of Ksar Akil, Vol. III. Levels XXV–XIV, BAR International Series 426, BAR, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olami, Y. (1984).Prehistoric Carmel. Israel Exploration Society and M. Stekelis Museum of Prehistory, Jerusalem and Haifa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1951). La terrace d'El-Khiam. In Neuville, R. (ed.),Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du Dśert de Judée, Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, pp. 134–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J. (1955). Le Paléolithique Supérieur d'El Quseir et de Masaraq an Na'aj (Palestine).Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 52 493–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, J., Ladiray, D., and Solivère-Masséi, O. (1988).Les Hommes de Mallaha, (Eynan) Israel, Association Paléorient, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. L. (1987a). Sinai during the Paleolithic: the early periods. In Close, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory of Arid North Africa: Essays in Honor of Fred Wendorf, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 105–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. L. (1987b). Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers in the Wadi Feiran, southern Sinai. In Soffer, O. (ed.),The Pleistocene Old World, Regional Studies, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 169–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. L. (1988). The Upper Palaeolithic of the Wadi Feiran, southern Sinai.Paléorient 14 183–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polak, G. (1984). The vegetation of the Carmel. In Waisel, Y. (ed.),Vegetation of Israel, Vol. 8, Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Ministry of Defence/Publishing House and Society for the Protection of Nature, Tel Aviv, pp. 152–157 (Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Redman, C. L. (1978).The Rise of Civilization, Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A. (1975). The Palaeolithic archaeology and chronology of Israel. In Wendorf, F., and Marks, A. E. (eds.),Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 229–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A. (1976). The Upper Palaeolithic in northern Israel: Mount Carmel and the Galilee. In Wendorf, F. (ed.),Deuxième Colloque sur la Terminologie de la Préhistoire au Proche Orient, IXe Congrès UISPP, Nice, pp. 153–186.

  • Ronen, A. (1984).Sefunim Prehistoric Sites Mount Carmel, Israel, BAR International Series 230, BAR, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A., and Vandermeersch, B. (1972). The Upper Palaeolithic sequence in the cave of Qafza (Israel).Quaternaria 16 189–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, A. (1950).Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien), Karl Wachholtz, Neümunster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanlaville, P. (1981). Stratigraphie et chronology du Quaternaire marin du Levant. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxon, E. C. (1974). The mobile herding economy of Kebarah Cave, Mt Carmel: An economic analysis of the faunal remains.Journal of Archaeological Sciences 1 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schyle, D., and Uerpmann, H.-P. (1988). Palaeolithic sites in the Petra area. In Garrard, A. N., and Gebel, H.-G. (eds.),The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986, Part 1, BAR International Series 396, BAR, Oxford, pp. 39–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J., and Opdyke, N. D. (1973). Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core, V28–238: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 and 106 year scale.Quaternary Research 3 39–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmida, A. (1977). Remarks on the palaeo-climates of Sinai based on the distribution patterns of relict plants. In Bar-Yosef, O., and Phillips, J. L. (eds.),Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara Northern Sinai. Qedem 7, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, pp. 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, J., and Simán, K. (1989). The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in southeastern central Europe (Czechoslovakia and Hungary).Journal of World Prehistory 3 283–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. (1968).Succession of Rodent Faunas in the Pleistocene of Israel, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. (1976). Some late Quaternary faunal remains from the Avdat Aqev area. In Marks, A. E. (ed.),Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Vol. I, SMU Press, Dallas, pp. 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. (1981). The biostratigraphy of the Middle East. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant. CNRS, Paris, pp. 67–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E. (1984). The fauna of Sefunim cave, Mt. Carmel. In Ronen, A.Sefunim Prehistoric Sites Mount Carmel, Israel, Vol. 2, BAR International Series 230, BAR, Oxford, pp. 401–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, J. (1970). L'abri sous roche de Ksar 'Aqil. La campagne de fouilles 1969.Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 23 173–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, J. (1974a). Fouilles à Ksar 'Aqil, Liban (1969–1974).Paléorient 2 183–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, J. (1974b). Poinçon décoré du Paléolithique Supérieur à Ksar 'Aqil (Liban).Paléorient 2 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, J., and Inizan, M.-L. (1981). Ksar 'Aqil. Stratigraphic et ensembles lithiques dans le Paléolithique Supéricur. Fouilles 1971–1975. In Cauvin, J., and Sanlaville, P. (eds.),Préhistoire du Levant, CNRS, Paris, pp. 343–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Andel, T. H. (1989). Late Qauternary sea-level changes and archaeology.Antiquity 63 733–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeersch, B. (1981).Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh, CNRS, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaufrey, R. (1951). Étude paléontologie, I—Mammifères. In Neuville, R. (ed.),Le Paléolithique et le Mésolithique du Désert de Judée, Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, pp. 198–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkman, P. W., and Kaufman, D. (1983). A reassessment of the Emireh point as a possible type fossil for the technological shift from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant. In Trinkaus, E. (ed.),The Mousterian Legacy, BAR International Series 167, BAR, Oxford, pp. 35–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigand, T. (1920).Sinai, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wreschner, E. E. (1980). Red ocher and human evolution: A case for discussion.Current Anthropology 21 631–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wreschner, E. E. (1982). Red ocher, the transition between Lower and Middle Palaeolithic and the origin of modern man. In Ronen, A. (ed.),The Transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic and the Origin of Modern Man, BAR International Series 151, BAR, Oxford, pp. 35–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziffer, D. (1978). A re-evaluation of the Upper Palaeolithic industries at Kebara Cave and their place in the Aurignacian culture of the Levant.Paleorient 4 273–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziffer, D. (1981). Yabrud Shelter II—a reconsideration of its cultural composition and its relevance to the Upper Palaeolithic of the Levant.Quartär 32 69–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary, M. (1973).Geobotanical Foundations of the Near East, Gustav Fisher, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Archaeological Division, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84 105, Beer Sheva, Israel

    Isaac Gilead

Authors
  1. Isaac Gilead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gilead, I. The Upper Paleolithic period in the Levant. J World Prehist 5, 105–154 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00974677

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00974677

Key Words

Search

Navigation