Abstract
Volcanic eruptions have the diversities in the time scales within 4.6 GA of the Earth’s age, the magnitude of eruptive volume, the style (how magmas erupt). Together with these, the tectonic setting where a volcano locates and the chemical compositions of magmas characterize the eruption. The complexity resulting from these diversities make it difficult to share our recognitions and interests on volcanic eruptions. Before learning the fundamental processes such as vesiculation and crystallization of magmas in volcanic eruptions, we need to have our common recognitions and interests to share for scientific approaches. In this chapter, I will show specific examples of eruptions to share the scientific interests for latter chapters.
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Notes
- 1.
Currently, there is a tourist trail around the vent, and anyone can see the huge vent close up.
- 2.
A chain of islands occurring along a trench, where a plate is subducting, on the continent side.
- 3.
For highly vesicular volcanic rock, relatively dark colored (nearly black) one is called scoria and relatively light colored one is called pumice. The color is reasonably associated with the chemical composition: pumice is rich in SiO\(_2\) and scoria is poor in SiO\(_2\). The relationship between the color and the chemical composition is unclear. It seems that glass compositions and crystallinity of groundmass are related. Scoria is relatively rich in fine crystals called microlites, whereas pumice hardly contains them.
- 4.
It often follows a power law distribution.
- 5.
In material science, microstructure crystals and bubbles form are called texture.
- 6.
Eruptive materials, i.e., pyroclastic particles have a size distribution and produce deposits on the ground surface with a certain thickness and spreading area. When you mention the spread of eruptive materials and the ratio of a certain particle, you have to define the thickness and spatial location of interest in advance.
- 7.
It often has an exponential distribution.
- 8.
Vesicularity is the volume fraction of void (bubbles or vesicles) in vesicular volcanic rocks. See Sect. 10.2.4.
- 9.
Particles measuring <1Â mm in diameter are called volcanic ash.
- 10.
On a wall at the side of Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) of the United States Geological Survey before the 2018 Kilauea activity, one could found a reticulite layer of a large-scale eruption from the Kilauea vent at around 1500 (estimated by the carbon 14 dating method) (Swanson et al. 2012).
- 11.
Glass fiber is a material used in our daily life without special recognition. It is used to transmit information, e.g., optical communication lines; although Pele’s hair is similar in size, a glass fiber can be extremely long. Glass fiber is manufactured by extending liquid glass (silicate melt) mechanically while holding both ends, thus resulting in a fine fiber with a uniform diameter. When melt is extended, a part that has already become thin by extending will harden and become less capable of deforming because of a cooling effect, while the other part that remains hot and thick will be still capable of deforming and become thin. In this manner, extending high-temperature liquid naturally yields fibers of uniform diameter.
- 12.
I was shocked again at this story. The idea of quantitatively estimating the intensity of an explosion from the dispersal patterns of eruptive materials produced from the explosion, in other words, the idea of quantification of eruption on the basis of eruptive materials, had already been born in Japan during the war. It is a matter of regret that this idea had not developed in Japan since then.
- 13.
Magma is molten rock and generally contains not only silicate liquid but also crystals and bubbles.
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Toramaru, A. (2022). Inspired by Nature. In: Vesiculation and Crystallization of Magma. Advances in Volcanology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4209-8_1
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