Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Air Conditioning Technologies

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) is a promising air-cooling technique that can reduce the temperature of airflow to approaching dew-point condition, which was not possible either with direct contact techniques or indirect evaporative methods. M-cycle systems have been employed previously on gas turbines, air-conditioning systems, cooling towers, electronic cooling, etc. Due to the wide application of air conditioning systems, this chapter focuses on the application of M-cycle specifically for air conditioning purpose. Researchers have evaluated the M-cycle cooling characteristics via different methods including analytical solutions, numerical simulations, statistical design methods, and experimental techniques. The salient aspects of these methods are systematically discussed and compared in this chapter. In addition, the current status of the applying the dew-point evaporative cooling systems to meet industrial needs is summarized and some of the future research directions are also identified.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

A :

Area, m2

c :

Specific heat, J/(kg K)

\(c_{{\text{p}}}\) :

Specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kg K)

\(c_{{\text{v}}}\) :

Specific heat at constant volume, J/(kg K)

d :

Diameter, m

D :

Diffusion coefficient, m2/s

\(D_{{\text{h}}}\) :

Hydraulic diameter, m

ex:

Specific flow exergy, J/kg

E :

Relative error, %

\(\dot{E}\) :

Energy transfer rate, W

\(\mathop {{\text{Ex}}}\limits^{.}\) :

Exergy transfer rate, W

F :

Correction factor

\(F_{{\text{o}}}\) :

Fourier number

\({\text{Gz}}\) :

Graetz number

H :

Height, m

\(H_{t}\) :

Channel height, m

h :

Heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)

\(h_{{{\text{fg}}}}\) :

Latent heat evaporation, J/kg

\(h_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Mass transfer coefficient, m/s

i :

Specific enthalpy, J/kg

j :

Diffusive mass flux, kg/(m2 s)

k :

Thermal conductivity, W/(m K)

\(l_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Characteristic length, m

L :

Channel length, m

\({\text{Le}}\) :

Lewis number

LMTD:

Log Mean Temperature Difference

m :

Mass, kg

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate, kg/s

\(\dot{M}\) :

Water evaporation rate, kg/s

\(n\) :

Mass transfer rate, kg/s

\(n^{^{\prime\prime}}\) :

Mass flux, kg/(m2 s)

N :

Number

\({\text{Nu}}\) :

Nusselt number

P :

Pressure, Pa

\(\Pr\) :

Prandtl number

q :

Heat transfer rate, W

\(q^{^{\prime\prime}}\) :

Heat flux, W/(m2 s)

\(\dot{Q}\) :

Cooling capacity, W

\(r\) :

Working air ratio/solution flow ratio

\(R\) :

Specific gas constant, J/(kg K)

\(R_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Membrane diffusion resistance, s/m

\({\text{Re}}\) :

Reynolds number

\({\text{Sc}}\) :

Schmidt number

\({\text{Sh}}\) :

Sherwood number

\(t\) :

Time, s

\(T\) :

Temperature, K

\(u\) :

Specific internal energy, J/kg

U :

Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)

\(\dot{U}\) :

Internal energy transfer rate, W

\(v\) :

Velocity, m/s

\(\dot{V}\) :

Volumetric flow rate, m3/s

\(W\) :

Width, m

\(\dot{W}\) :

Power consumption, W

\(X\) :

Concentration

\(\alpha\) :

Thermal diffusivity, m2/s

\(\delta\) :

Thickness, m

\(\varepsilon\) :

Effectiveness

\(\phi\) :

Relative humidity, %

\(\eta\) :

Efficiency

\(\rho\) :

Density, kg/m3

\(\pi\) :

Dimensionless number

\(\mu\) :

Dynamic viscosity, Pa s

\(\nu\) :

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

\(\upsilon\) :

Specific volume, m3/kg

\(\omega\) :

Humidity ratio, kg/kg dry air

\(\dot{\omega }\) :

Mole fraction ratio, mol/mol dry air

\(\xi\) :

Ratio between the change of specific enthalpy and the change of wet-bulb temperature, kJ/(kg K)

0:

Initial state/reference state

1:

First stage

2:

Second stage

A:

Air

A:

Area

CV:

Control volume

c:

Constant

d:

Cry channel

D:

Diameter

de:

Dehumidified

dp:

Dew point

e:

Evaporation

ex:

Exergy

f:

Water film

i:

In/inner

l:

Length/liquid

lm:

Log mean

lat:

Latent

m:

Mean/membrane

o:

Out/observation/outer

p:

Product

pl:

Plate

r:

Room

s:

Supply

sa:

Saturation

sf:

Surface

sh:

Shell

st:

Steady-state

sen:

Sensible

th:

Thermal

v:

Vapour

vac:

Vacuum

w:

Wet channel/working/water

wb:

Wet bulb

COP:

Coefficient of performance

DB:

Dry bulb

DP:

Dew point

DPEC:

Dew point evaporative cooling

HMX:

Heat and mass exchanger

HVAC:

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

MLDD:

Membrane liquid desiccant dehumidification

RH:

Relative humidity

SHR:

Sensible heat ratio

WB:

Wet bulb

COP:

Coefficient of performance

DB:

Dry bulb

DP:

Dew point

DPEC:

Dew point evaporative cooling

HMX:

Heat and mass exchanger

HVAC:

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

MLDD:

Membrane liquid desiccant dehumidification

RH:

Relative humidity

SHR:

Sensible heat ratio

WB:

Wet bulb

References

  1. Dudley B (2017) BP statistical review of world energy. London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  2. EIA U (2016) Primary energy consumption by source and sector

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lior N (2012) Sustainable energy development (May 2011) with some game-changers. Energy 40:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pérez-Lombard L, Ortiz J, Pout C (2008) A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy Build 40:394–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Yap C, Cai W, Ooi KT, Toh KC, Callavaro G, Pillai EK (2011) Air-con system efficiency primer: a summary. National Climate Change Secretariat and National Research Foundation, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  6. Oh SJ, Ng KC, Thu K, Chun W, Chua KJE (2016) Forecasting long-term electricity demand for cooling of Singapore’s buildings incorporating an innovative air-conditioning technology. Energy Build 127:183–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lin J, Thu K, Bui TD, Wang RZ, Ng KC, Chua KJ (2016) Study on dew point evaporative cooling system with counter-flow configuration. Energy Convers Manage 109:153–165

    Google Scholar 

  8. Duan Z, Zhan C, Zhang X, Mustafa M, Zhao X, Alimohammadisagvand B, Hasan A (2012) Indirect evaporative cooling: past, present and future potentials. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:6823–6850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Glanville P, Kozlov A, Maisotsenko V (2011) Dew point evaporative cooling: technology review and fundamentals. ASHRAE Trans 117

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dowdy J, Karabash N (1987) Experimental determination of heat and mass transfer coefficients in rigid impregnated cellulose evaporative media. ASHRAE Trans 93:382–395

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mahmood MH, Sultan M, Miyazaki T, Koyama S, Maisotsenko VS (2016) Overview of the Maisotsenko cycle—a way towards dew point evaporative cooling. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 66:537–555

    Google Scholar 

  12. Maisotsenko V, Reyzin I (2005) The Maisotsenko cycle for electronics cooling. In: ASME 2005 pacific rim technical conference and exhibition on integration and packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 heat transfer summer conference. Am Soc Mech Eng, 415–424.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Riangvilaikul B, Kumar S (2010a) An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system. Energy Build 42:637–644

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zhao X, Li JM, Riffat SB (2008) Numerical study of a novel counter-flow heat and mass exchanger for dew point evaporative cooling. Appl Therm Eng 28:1942–1951

    Google Scholar 

  15. Z. Duan, Investigation of a novel dew point indirect evaporative air conditioning system for buildings, in, Vol. PhD, University of Nottingham, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kim MH, Yoon DS, Kim HJ, Jeong JW (2016) Retrofit of a liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling-assisted 100% outdoor air system for enhancing energy saving potential. Appl Therm Eng 96:441–453

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kim HJ, Lee SJ, Cho SH, Jeong JW (2016) Energy benefit of a dedicated outdoor air system over a desiccant-enhanced evaporative air conditioner. Appl Therm Eng 108:804–815

    Google Scholar 

  18. La D, Dai YJ, Li Y, Tang ZY, Ge TS, Wang RZ (2013) An experimental investigation on the integration of two-stage dehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling. Appl Energy 102:1218–1228

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gao WZ, Cheng YP, Jiang AG, Liu T, Anderson K (2015) Experimental investigation on integrated liquid desiccant—indirect evaporative air cooling system utilizing the Maisotesenko—cycle. Appl Therm Eng 88:288–296

    Google Scholar 

  20. Buker MS, Mempouo B, Riffat SB (2015) Experimental investigation of a building integrated photovoltaic/thermal roof collector combined with a liquid desiccant enhanced indirect evaporative cooling system. Energy Convers Manage 101:239–254

    Google Scholar 

  21. Oh SJ, Ng KC, Chun W, Chua KJE (2017) Evaluation of a dehumidifier with adsorbent coated heat exchangers for tropical climate operations. Energy

    Google Scholar 

  22. Myat A, Thu K, Choon NK (2012) The experimental investigation on the performance of a low temperature waste heat-driven multi-bed desiccant dehumidifier (MBDD) and minimization of entropy generation. Appl Therm Eng 39:70–77

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bui TD, Wong Y, Islam MR, Chua KJ (2017) On the theoretical and experimental energy efficiency analyses of a vacuum-based dehumidification membrane. J Membr Sci 539:76–87

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lee J, Lee DY (2013) Experimental study of a counter flow regenerative evaporative cooler with finned channels. Int J Heat Mass Transf 65:173–179

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dean J, Metzger I (2014) Multistaged indirect evaporative cooler evaluation. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA

    Google Scholar 

  26. Coolerado C (2014) M30 air conditioner brochure, in. Coolerado Corporation, USA

    Google Scholar 

  27. Elberling L (2006) Laboratory evaluation of the Coolerado Cooler™ indirect evaporative cooling unit. PG&E Company, USA

    Google Scholar 

  28. Zube D, Gillan L (2011) Evaluating coolerado corportion's heat‐mass exchanger performance through experimental analysis. Int J Energy Clean Environ 12

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gillan L (2008) Maisotsenko cycle for cooling processes. Int J Clean Environ 9

    Google Scholar 

  30. Jradi M, Riffat S (2014) Experimental and numerical investigation of a dew-point cooling system for thermal comfort in buildings. Appl Energy 132:524–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hsu ST, Lavan Z, Worek WM (1989) Optimization of wet-surface heat exchangers. Energy 14:757–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Xu P, Ma X, Zhao X, Fancey K (2017) Experimental investigation of a super performance dew point air cooler. Appl Energy 203:761–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Riangvilaikul B, Kumar S (2010b) Numerical study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system. Energy Build 42:2241–2250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kabeel AE, Abdelgaied M (2016) Numerical and experimental investigation of a novel configuration of indirect evaporative cooler with internal baffles. Energy Convers Manage 126:526–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hasan A (2012) Going below the wet-bulb temperature by indirect evaporative cooling: Analysis using a modified ε-NTU method. Appl Energy 89:237–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Cui X, Chua KJ, Yang WM (2014) Numerical simulation of a novel energy-efficient dew-point evaporative air cooler. Appl Energy 136:979–988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Cui X, Chua KJ, Yang WM, Ng KC, Thu K, Nguyen VT (2014) Studying the performance of an improved dew-point evaporative design for cooling application. Appl Therm Eng 63:624–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Cui X, Chua KJ, Islam MR, Ng KC (2015) Performance evaluation of an indirect pre-cooling evaporative heat exchanger operating in hot and humid climate. Energy Convers Manage 102:140–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Cui X, Chua KJ, Islam MR, Yang WM (2014) Fundamental formulation of a modified LMTD method to study indirect evaporative heat exchangers. Energy Convers Manage 88:372–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhan C, Duan Z, Zhao X, Smith S, Jin H, Riffat S (2011) Comparative study of the performance of the M-cycle counter-flow and cross-flow heat exchangers for indirect evaporative cooling—paving the path toward sustainable cooling of buildings. Energy 36:6790–6805

    Google Scholar 

  41. Zhan C, Zhao X, Smith S, Riffat SB (2011) Numerical study of a M-cycle cross-flow heat exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling. Build Environ 46:657–668

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hettiarachchi HDM, Golubovic M, Worek WM (2007) The effect of longitudinal heat conduction in cross flow indirect evaporative air coolers. Appl Therm Eng 27:1841–1848

    Google Scholar 

  43. Heidarinejad G, Moshari S (2015) Novel modeling of an indirect evaporative cooling system with cross-flow configuration. Energy Build 92:351–362

    Google Scholar 

  44. Anisimov S, Pandelidis D, Danielewicz J (2014) Numerical analysis of selected evaporative exchangers with the Maisotsenko cycle. Energy Convers Manage 88:426–441

    Google Scholar 

  45. Anisimov S, Pandelidis D (2015) Theoretical study of the basic cycles for indirect evaporative air cooling. Int J Heat Mass Transf 84:974–989

    Google Scholar 

  46. Anisimov S, Pandelidis D, Jedlikowski A, Polushkin V (2014) Performance investigation of a M (Maisotsenko)-cycle cross-flow heat exchanger used for indirect evaporative cooling. Energy 76:593–606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pandelidis D, Anisimov S, Worek WM (2015a) Comparison study of the counter-flow regenerative evaporative heat exchangers with numerical methods. Appl Therm Eng 84:211–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Pandelidis D, Anisimov S, Worek WM (2015b) Performance study of the Maisotsenko Cycle heat exchangers in different air-conditioning applications. Int J Heat Mass Transf 81:207–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Pandelidis D, Anisimov S (2016) Numerical study and optimization of the cross-flow Maisotsenko cycle indirect evaporative air cooler. Int J Heat Mass Transf 103:1029–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pandelidis D, Anisimov S (2015a) Numerical analysis of the selected operational and geometrical aspects of the M-cycle heat and mass exchanger. Energy Build 87:413–424

    Google Scholar 

  51. Pandelidis D, Anisimov S (2015b) Numerical analysis of the heat and mass transfer processes in selected M-Cycle heat exchangers for the dew point evaporative cooling. Energy Convers Manage 90:62–83

    Google Scholar 

  52. Jafarian H, Sayyaadi H, Torabi F (2017) Modeling and optimization of dew-point evaporative coolers based on a developed GMDH-type neural network. Energy Convers Manage 143:49–65

    Google Scholar 

  53. Zhu G, Chow TT, Lee CK (2017) Performance analysis of counter-flow regenerative heat and mass exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling based on data-driven model. Energy Build 155:503–512

    Google Scholar 

  54. Handbook A (2009) ASHRAE handbook–fundamentals. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA

    Google Scholar 

  55. Handbook A (2013) ASHRAE handbook-Fundamentals. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bergman TL, Incropera FP, Lavine AS (2011) Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  57. Tenne A (2010) Sea water desalination in Israel: planning, coping with difficulties, and economic aspects of long-term risks. State of Israel Desalination Division

    Google Scholar 

  58. Burn S, Hoang M, Zarzo D, Olewniak F, Campos E, Bolto B, Barron O (2015) Desalination techniques - A review of the opportunities for desalination in agriculture. Desalination 364:2–16

    Google Scholar 

  59. Bruno F (2011) On-site experimental testing of a novel dew point evaporative cooler. Energy Build 43:3475–3483

    Google Scholar 

  60. Amer O, Boukhanouf R, Ibrahim HG (2015) A review of evaporative cooling technologies. Int J Environ Sci Dev 6:111–117

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lin J, Thu K, Bui TD, Wang RZ, Ng KC, Kumja M, Chua KJ (2016) Unsteady-state analysis of a counter-flow dew point evaporative cooling system. Energy 113:172–185

    Google Scholar 

  62. Sohani A, Sayyaadi H, Mohammadhosseini N (2018) Comparative study of the conventional types of heat and mass exchangers to achieve the best design of dew point evaporative coolers at diverse climatic conditions. Energy Convers Manage 158:327–345

    Google Scholar 

  63. Baehr HD, Stephan K (2006) Heat and mass transfer. Springer, New York, Berlin

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Provencher S (1976) A Fourier method for the analysis of exponential decay curves. Biophys J 16:27–41

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ogata K (2010) Modern control engineering. Prentice Hall PTR, USA

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  66. Kays WM, Crawford ME, Weigand B (2005) Convective heat and mass transfer, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York

    Google Scholar 

  67. Lewis W (1962) The evaporation of a liquid into a gas. Int J Heat Mass Transf 5:109–112

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bowman RA, Mueller AC, Nagle WM (1940) Mean temperature difference in design. Trans ASME 62:283–294

    Google Scholar 

  69. Xu P, Ma X, Zhao X, Fancey KS (2016) Experimental investigation on performance of fabrics for indirect evaporative cooling applications. Build Environ 110:104–114

    Google Scholar 

  70. Liu Y, Yang X, Li J, Zhao X (2018) Energy savings of hybrid dew-point evaporative cooler and micro-channel separated heat pipe cooling systems for computer data centers. Energy 163:629–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Jia L, Liua J, Wangb C, Caoa X, Zhanga Z (2019) Study of the thermal performance of a novel dew point evaporative cooler. Appl Therm Eng 160:114069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Liu Y, Akhlaghi YG, Zhao X, Li J (2019) Experimental and numerical investigation of a high-efficiency dew-point evaporative cooler. Energy Build 197:120–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Lin J, Bui DT, Wang R, Chua KJ (2018) The counter-flow dew point evaporative cooler: Analyzing its transient and steady-state behaviour. Appl Therm Eng 143:34–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ahmed Y, Al-Zubaydi T, Hong G (2019) Experimental study of a novel water-spraying configuration in indirect evaporative cooling. Appl Therm Eng 151:283–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Prof. Dr. Chua Kian Jon & Dr. Md Raisul Islam

  2. Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Prof. Dr. Ng Kim Choon & Dr. Muhammad Wakil Shahzad

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Chua Kian Jon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Md Raisul Islam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prof. Dr. Ng Kim Choon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dr. Muhammad Wakil Shahzad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chua Kian Jon .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kian Jon, C., Islam, M.R., Kim Choon, N., Shahzad, M.W. (2021). Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling Systems. In: Advances in Air Conditioning Technologies . Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8477-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8477-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8476-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8477-0

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation