Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radiological Review of Coronary Artery Anomalies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
CT and MRI in Congenital Heart Diseases

  • 716 Accesses

Abstract

Coronary artery anomalies are an important cause of sudden cardiac death in a young individual. These anomalies are difficult to diagnose without radiological tests. CT coronary angiography alerts radiologists and cardiologists to variations of the anatomy of the coronary arteries. Electrocardiographically (ECG)-gated multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) allows the accurate and noninvasive depiction of the origin, course, and termination of coronary artery anomalies and is superior to conventional angiography in delineating the ostial origin and proximal path of an anomalous coronary artery. In this chapter, we review the normal anatomy as well as various variants and anomalies of the coronary arteries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kim SY, Seo JB, Do KH, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. Radiographics. 2006;26(2):317–34. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.262055068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Angelini P. Normal and anomalous coronary arteries: definitions and classification. Am Heart J. 1989;117(2):418–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(89)90789-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Young PM, Gerber TC, Williamson EE, Julsrud PR, Herfkens RJ. Cardiac imaging: part 2, normal, variant, and anomalous configurations of the coronary vasculature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(4):816–26. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.7249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Raff GL, Abidov A, Achenbach S, et al. SCCT guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of coronary computed tomographic angiography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009;3(2):122–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2009.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Austen WG, Edwards JE, Frye RL, et al. A reporting system on patients evaluated for coronary artery disease. Report of the ad hoc committee for grading of coronary artery disease, council on cardiovascular surgery, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1975;51(4 Suppl):5–40. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.51.4.5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee MS, Chen CH. Myocardial bridging: an up-to-date review. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015;27(11):521–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Polacek P, Kralove H. Relation of myocardial bridges and loops on the coronary arteries to coronary occulsions. Am Heart J. 1961;61:44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(61)90515-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Angelini P, Trivellato M, Donis J, Leachman RD. Myocardial bridges: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1983;26(1):75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-0620(83)90019-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferreira AG Jr, Trotter SE, König B Jr, Décourt LV, Fox K, Olsen EG. Myocardial bridges: morphological and functional aspects. Br Heart J. 1991;66(5):364–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.66.5.364.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Tarantini G, Migliore F, Cademartiri F, Fraccaro C, Iliceto S. Left anterior descending artery myocardial bridging: a clinical approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(25):2887–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bourassa MG, Butnaru A, Lespérance J, Tardif JC. Symptomatic myocardial bridges: overview of ischemic mechanisms and current diagnostic and treatment strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(3):351–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02768-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Erbel R, Rupprecht H-J, Junbo GE, Gerber T, Görge G, Meyer J. Coronary artery shape and flow changes induced by myocardial bridging. Echocardiography. 1993;10:71–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1993.tb00013.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ge J, Erbel R, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Comparison of intravascular ultrasound and angiography in the assessment of myocardial bridging. Circulation. 1994;89(4):1725–32. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.89.4.1725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ge J, Jeremias A, Rupp A, et al. New signs characteristic of myocardial bridging demonstrated by intracoronary ultrasound and Doppler. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(23):1707–16. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1999.1661.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Masuda T, Ishikawa Y, Akasaka Y, Itoh K, Kiguchi H, Ishii T. The effect of myocardial bridging of the coronary artery on vasoactive agents and atherosclerosis localization. J Pathol. 2001;193(3):408–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH792>3.0.CO;2-R.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ishii T, Asuwa N, Masuda S, Ishikawa Y. The effects of a myocardial bridge on coronary atherosclerosis and ischaemia. J Pathol. 1998;185(1):4–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199805)185:1<4::AID-PATH50>3.0.CO;2-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ciampricotti R, el Gamal M. Vasospastic coronary occlusion associated with a myocardial bridge. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1988;14(2):118–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810140213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Schwarz ER, Klues HG, Vom Dahl J, Klein I, Krebs W, Hanrath P. Functional, angiographic and intracoronary Doppler flow characteristics in symptomatic patients with myocardial bridging: effect of short-term intravenous beta-blocker medication. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27(7):1637–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(96)00062-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ishimori T, Raizner AE, Chahine RA, Awdeh M, Luchi RJ. Myocardial bridges in man: clinical correlations and angiographic accentuation with nitroglycerin. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1977;3(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810030107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Shriki JE, Shinbane JS, Rashid MA, et al. Identifying, characterizing, and classifying congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries. Radiographics. 2012;32(2):453–68. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.322115097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Angelini P. Congenital coronary artery ostial disease: a spectrum of anatomic variants with different pathophysiologies and prognoses. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012;39(1):55–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Doğan N, Dursun A, Özkan H. Vieussens’ arterial ring: a rare coronary variant anatomy. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2019;25(2):109–13. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2019.17449.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Saremi F, Goodman G, Wilcox A, Salibian R, Vorobiof G. Coronary artery ostial atresia: diagnosis of conotruncal anastomotic collateral rings using CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(12):1320–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.09.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Musiani A, Cernigliaro C, Sansa M, Maselli D, De Gasperis C. Left main coronary artery atresia: literature review and therapeutical considerations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11(3):505–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1010-7940(96)01121-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mullins CE, el-Said G, DG MN, Cooley DA, Treistman B, Garcia E. Atresia of the left coronary artery ostium. Repair by saphenous vein graft. Circulation. 1972;46(5):989–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.46.5.989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pirelli L, Yu PJ, Srichai MB, Khvilivitzky K, Angelini P, Grau JB. Ectopic origin of left coronary ostium from left ventricle, with occlusive membrane: a previously unreported anomaly, with an embryologic interpretation. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35(2):162–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Shen TC, Chou HH, Tsai KT. Ectopic and atretic ostium of left main coronary artery: from interleaflet triangle between left and noncoronary cusps. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012;39(1):60–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Peña E, Nguyen ET, Merchant N, Dennie C. ALCAPA syndrome: not just a pediatric disease. Radiographics. 2009;29(2):553–65. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.292085059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Khanna A, Torigian DA, Ferrari VA, Bross RJ, Rosen MA. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in adulthood on CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(2):326–9. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.185.2.01850326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Horisaki T, Yamashita T, Yokoyama H, Urasawa K, Kitabatake A. Three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomographic images of anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in an adult. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(7):898–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00913-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Takenaga M, Matsuda J, Miyamoto N, Ikushima I, Koiwaya Y. Magnetic resonance imaging of bland-white-Garland syndrome—a case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in a 22-year-old woman. Jpn Circ J. 1998;62(3):219–21. https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.62.219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Secinaro A, Ntsinjana H, Tann O, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in repaired anomalous left coronary artery to pulmonary artery connection (ALCAPA). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-13-27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Gutgesell HP, Pinsky WW, DePuey EG. Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging in infants and children. Value in distinguishing anomalous left coronary artery from congestive cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1980;61(3):596–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.61.3.596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hurwitz RA, Caldwell RL, Girod DA, Brown J, King H. Clinical and hemodynamic course of infants and children with anomalous left coronary artery. Am Heart J. 1989;118(6):1176–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(89)90006-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Li D, Zhu Z, Zheng X, et al. Surgical treatment of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in an adult. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(8):723–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000286.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Naimo PS, Fricke TA, d'Udekem Y, et al. Surgical intervention for anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in children: a long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(5):1842–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.11.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Trivedi KR, Assaidi A, Macé L, Cuisset T, Fraisse A. Management of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in an adult with ischemic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98(2):e41–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.055.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yamanaka O, Hobbs RE. Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn. 1990;21(1):28–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810210110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gräni C, Kaufmann PA, Windecker S, Buechel RR. Diagnosis and management of anomalous coronary arteries with a malignant course. Interv Cardiol. 2019;14(2):83–8. https://doi.org/10.15420/icr.2019.1.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Murphy CJ, Garberich RF. Demographics and epidemiology of sudden deaths in Young competitive athletes: from the United States National Registry. Am J Med. 2016;129(11):1170–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.02.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(6):1493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00566-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Eckart RE, Scoville SL, Campbell CL, et al. Sudden death in young adults: a 25-year review of autopsies in military recruits. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):829–34. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brothers JA, Frommelt MA, Jaquiss RDB, Myerburg RJ, Fraser CD Jr, Tweddell JS. Expert consensus guidelines: anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153(6):1440–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.06.066.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Yun G, Nam TH, Chun EJ. Coronary artery fistulas: pathophysiology, imaging findings, and management. Radiographics. 2018;38(3):688–703. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Reddy G, Davies JE, Holmes DR, Schaff HV, Singh SP, Alli OO. Coronary artery fistulae. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(11):e003062. https://doi.org/10.1161/Circinterventions.115.003062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mangukia CV. Coronary artery fistula. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(6):2084–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.01.114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Congenital heart surgery nomenclature and database project: anomalies of the coronary arteries. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4 Suppl):S270–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01248-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kugelmass AD, Manning WJ, Piana RN, Weintraub RM, Baim DS, Grossman W. Coronary arteriovenous fistula presenting as congestive heart failure. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1992;26(1):19–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810260106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Okwuosa TM, Gundeck EL, Ward RP. Coronary to pulmonary artery fistula-diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2006;23(1):62–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00116.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pathak R, Giri S, Hwang I, Alsafwah S. Multiple coronary-cameral fistulas to the left ventricle arising from both coronary arteries. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2016;6(3):31190. https://doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.31190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gajjar T, Voleti C, Matta R, Iyer R, Dash PK, Desai N. Aorta-right atrial tunnel: clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and surgical options. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130(5):1287–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.07.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sai Krishna C, Baruah DK, Reddy GV, Panigrahi NK, Suman K, Kumar PV. Aorta-right atrial tunnel. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(4):480–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Paul SK, Gajjar TP, Desai NB. Aorto-left atrial tunnel: a rare entity. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(5):e121–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.11.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sreedharan M, Baruah B, Dash PK. Aorta-right atrial tunnel—a novel therapeutic option. Int J Cardiol. 2006;107(3):410–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.056.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Yoshikai M, Kamohara K, Fumoto H, Kawasaki H. Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: report of a case. Surg Today. 2004;34(5):453–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-003-2733-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nasrin S, Cader FA, Haq MM, Shafi MJ. Type IV dual left anterior descending coronary artery: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):659. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2984-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Thakur R, Dwivedi SK, Puri VK. Unusual “high take off” of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta. Int J Cardiol. 1990;26(3):369–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(90)90096-n.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Palomo AR, Schrager BR, Chahine RA. Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta high above the left posterior sinus of valsalva of a bicuspid aortic valve. Am Heart J. 1985;109(4):902–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(85)90657-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Villa AD, Sammut E, Nair A, Rajani R, Bonamini R, Chiribiri A. Coronary artery anomalies overview: the normal and the abnormal. World J Radiol. 2016;8(6):537–55. https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i6.537.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Desmet W, Vanhaecke J, Vrolix M, et al. Isolated single coronary artery: a review of 50,000 consecutive coronary angiographies. Eur Heart J. 1992;13(12):1637–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Smith JC. Review of single coronary artery with report of 2 cases. Circulation. 1950;1(5):1168–75. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.1.5.1168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lipton MJ, Barry WH, Obrez I, Silverman JF, Wexler L. Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance. Radiology. 1979;130(1):39–47. https://doi.org/10.1148/130.1.39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Glushko T, Seifert R, Brown F, Vigilance D, Iriarte B, Teytelboym OM. Transseptal course of anomalous left main coronary artery originating from single right coronary orifice presenting as unstable angina. Radiol Case Rep. 2018;13(3):549–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2018.02.009.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Sanford GB, Molavi B, Sinha AK, Garza L, Angelini P. Single coronary artery with prepulmonic coursing left main coronary artery manifesting as prinzmetal’s angina. Tex Heart Inst J. 2007;34(4):449–52.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Davis JT, Teske DW, Allen HD, Cohen DM, Schauer GM. Anomalous course of the left main coronary artery in tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61(1):229–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(95)00742-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Angelini P. Coronary artery anomalies—current clinical issues: definitions, classification, incidence, clinical relevance, and treatment guidelines. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002;29(4):271–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Johnson JN, Bonnichsen CR, Julsrud PR, Burkhart HM, Hagler DJ. Single coronary artery giving rise to an intraseptal left coronary artery in a patient presenting with neurocardiogenic syncope. Cardiol Young. 2011;21(5):572–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951111000606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Garg N, Tewari S, Kapoor A, Gupta DK, Sinha N. Primary congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries: a coronary: arteriographic study. Int J Cardiol. 2000;74(1):39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(00)00243-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Castillo JG, Sanz J, Fischer GW, Bowman K, Filsoufi F. Management of anomalous left circumflex artery encircling the aortic annulus in a patient undergoing multivalvular surgery. J Card Surg. 2009;24(6):667–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2009.00930.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Angelini P, Trujillo A, Sawaya F, Lee VV. “Acute takeoff” of the circumflex artery: a newly recognized coronary anatomic variant with potential clinical consequences. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35(1):28–31.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Gossman DE, Tuzcu EM, Simpfendorfer C, Beck GJ. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for shepherd’s crook right coronary artery stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1988;15(3):189–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810150313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Nesto RW, Sassower MA. PTCA of “shepherd’s crook” right coronary arteries with a new shape of guiding catheter. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1993;29(1):70–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.1810290115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Voci G, Patel RB, Trivedi AD, Patel PV, Burris AC, Ruby SR. Angiographic demonstration of congenital intercoronary communication in normal adults. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(12):1205–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90880-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kruskal JB, Hartnell GG. Nonatherosclerotic coronary artery disease: more than just stenosis. Radiographics. 1995;15(2):383–96. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.15.2.7761642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

    Archita Goel, Bhavana Nagabhushana Reddy & Sanjaya Viswamitra

Authors
  1. Archita Goel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bhavana Nagabhushana Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjaya Viswamitra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Archita Goel .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India

    Ramiah Rajeshkannan

  2. Department of Cardiothoracic imaging, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Vimal Raj

  3. Department of Radiology, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

    Sanjaya Viswamitra

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Goel, A., Reddy, B.N., Viswamitra, S. (2021). Radiological Review of Coronary Artery Anomalies. In: Rajeshkannan, R., Raj, V., Viswamitra, S. (eds) CT and MRI in Congenital Heart Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6755-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6755-1_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-6754-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-6755-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation